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Memory and Cognition

Cognitive Psychology

QuestionAnswer
artificial intelligence (AI) The attempt by humans to construct systems that show intelligence and, particularly, the intellegent processing of inforamtion; intellegence in symbol-processing systems such as computers.
associationism examines how events or ideas can becoe associated with one another in the mind to result in a form of learning.
behaviorism a theoretical outlook that psycology should focus only on the relation between observable behavior, on the one hand, and environmental events or stimuli, on the other.
cognitive psychology the study of how people percieve, learn, remember, and think about information.
cognitive science a cross-diciplinary field that uses ideas an methods from cognitive psychology, psychobioogy, artificial intelligence, philosophy, linguistics, and anthropology.
cognitivism the believe that much human behavior can be understood in terms of how people think.
dependant variables a response that is measuredand is presumed to be the effect of one or more independant variables.
ecological validity the degree to which particular findings in one environmental context may be considered relevant outside the context.
empiricist one who believes that we aquire knowledge via empirical evidence.
functionalism seeks to understand what people do and why they do it.
Gestalt Psychology states that we best understand psychological phenomena when we view them as organized, structured wholes.
hypotheses tentative proposals regardin expected empirical consequences of the theory.
independant variables a variable that is varied or purposefully manipulated and that affect one or more dependant variables.
intelligence the capacity to learn from experience, using metacognitive processes to enhance learning, and the ability to adapt to the surrounding environment.
introspection looking inward at pieces of information passing through consciousness.
pragmatists ones who believe that knowledge is validated by its usefulness.
rationalist one who believes that the route to knowledge is through logical analysis.
statistical significance indicates the likelihood that a given set of results would be obtained if only chance factors were in operation.
structuralism seeks to understand the structure (configuration of elements) of the mind and its peceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their constituent components.
Theory an organzied body of general explanitory principles regarding a phenomenon.
Theory of Multiple intelligences belief that intellegence comprises multiple independant constructs, not just a single, unitary construct.
tree-stratum model of intelligence 1) man narrow, specific abilities 2) various broad abilities 3) general intelligence
triarcic theory of human intelligence belief that intelligence comprises 3 aspects, dealing with the relation of intelligence 1) to the internal world of the person 2) to experience 3) to the external world.
amygdala plays an important role in emotion, especially in anger and aggression.
axon the part of the neuron through which intraneuronal conduction occurs (via the action potential) and at the terminus of which is located the terminal buttons that release neurotransmitters.
brain the organ in our bodies that most directly controls our thoughts, emotions, and motivations.
brainstem connects the forebrain to the spinal cord.
cerebellum controls bodily coordination, balence, and muscle tone, as well as some aspects of memory involving procedure-related movements; from Latin "little brain".
cerebral cortex forms a 1-3 mm layer that wraps the surface of the brain somewhat like the bark of the tree wraps around the trunk.
cerebral hemispheres the two halves of the brain.
cognitive neuroscience the field of study linking the brain and other aspects of the nervous system to cognitive processing and, ultimately, to behavior.
contralateral from one side to another.
corpus callosum a dense aggregate of neural fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.
dendrites the branch-like structures of each neuron that extend into synapses with other neurons that recieve neurochemical messages sent into synapses by other neurons.
electroencephalograms (EEGs) recordings of the electrical frequencies and intensities of the living brain, usually recorded over long periods.
event-related potential an electrophysiological response to a stimulus, whether internal or external.
frontal lobe associated with motor processing and higher thought processes, such as abstract reasoning.
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) a neuroimaging technique tht uses magnetic fields to construct a detailed representation in 3 dimensions of levels of activity in various parts of the brain at a given moment.
hippocampus plays an essential role in memory formation
hypothalamus regulates behavior related to species survival: fighting, feeding, fleeing, and mating; also active in regulating emotions and reactions to stress.
ipsilateral on the same side
Korsakoff's syndrome produces loss of memory function.
limbic system importnt to emotion, motivation, memory, and learning.
lobes divide the cerebral hemispheres and cortex into four parts.
localization of function refers to the specific areas of the brain that control specific skills of behaviors.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan a technique for revealing high-resolution images of the structure of the living brain by computing and analyzing magnetic changes in the energy of the orbits of nuclear particles in the molecules of the body.
Created by: beabeautiful
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