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Cognitive Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is featural analysis? | Breaking down stimuli into components. |
| What are features? | The parts searched for and recognized. |
| What is sensation? | Detection of stimulation of a sense organ. |
| What is perception? | Interpreting sensory output. |
| Visual perception is difficult because of... | ambiguity. |
| How can you make visual perception easier? | Top-down processing, making assumptions. |
| What is bottom-up processing? | Data driven, use info from the environment, start with environment. |
| What is top-down processing? | Theory driven, use expectations/theory/memory, start with the mind. |
| What are the four Gestalt principles? | Proximity, similarity, good continuation, closure, and common fate. |
| What is the Gestalt approach? | Segregating object from background. |
| What is the object recognition approach? | Bottom up, template matching, feature analysis, prototype matching. |
| What is template matching? | Store templates of objects, compare incoming pattern with the template. |
| What are problems with template matching? | Need large number of templates, generation of new templates, recognize new objects, several patterns as same object. |
| What is Biederman's recognition by components? | Break object up into (36) geons; if the geons are obscured you cannot recognize the object. |
| What are the problems with recognition by components? | Difficult to identify geons in natural objects. |
| What is prototype matching? | Internal representation of an object, ideal or average representatio of some object. Different people will have different prototypes, take into account relationships among parts (orientation not important) |
| What are the problems with all bottom-up models? | Also use top-down, context effects, expectation effects. |
| What are the influences of top-down? | Perceptual learning (perception changes with practice), word superiority effect (more accurate in identifying letters when they are presented in words, depth perception (distance/size), changing percept (actual stimulus never changes) |
| What percepts are monocular? | Relative size, overlap, linear perspective, texture gradient |
| What percepts are binocular? | Retinal disparity, convergence. |
| What is the Muller-Lyer illusion? | One line is always constant, other is varied. Outward wings vs. no wings. Line with wings appears 15% longer, greater for urban groups (rectangular buildings). |
| What is the constructivist approach? | Recieve information and then construct a mental representation. |
| What is the direct approach? (Gibson) | Active construction is not necessary, you directly acquire information from experience. The info hitting the retina is highly organized. Affordances = bench=sitting..etc) |
| What are problems with the direct approach? | Properties can be invariant, no clear definition of what an "affordance" is |
| What should we know about the eye? | The retina is a 2-D surface representing a 3-D world, this is responsible for illusions. The blind spot is where nerves are leaving the eye (optic). |
| What is perceptual learning? | Hand/eye coordination (arm length changes but the brain knows this somehow). |
| What is perceptual learning? | Hand/eye coordination (arm length changes but the brain knows this somehow). |
| What are color afterimages? | Competition between opposite colors (Red-green, blue-yellow, black-white). |
| What are types of color blindness? | Dichromacy and monochromacy. |
| What are color afterimages? | Competition between opposite colors (Red-green, blue-yellow, black-white). |
| What are types of color blindness? | Dichromacy and monochromacy. |
| What is the Trichromatic theory? | 3 types of cones - red, green, blue. |
| What is selective attention? | Focus our resources on some tasks and process less information about other competing tasks. |
| How do we test selective attention? | Using dichotic listening (two messages, one in each other, repeat only one) |
| What is early selection theory? | Limit on amount of information that can be processed. First analyze on physical level, filter, and then analyze the meaning. |
| What supports early selection theory? | Dichotic listening. |
| What are some problems with early selection theory? | Cocktail party effect, follow message in dichotic listening, and unattended channel is usually processed for meaning. |
| What is late selection theory? | All messages are processed for meaning, then the filter is applied, and then the message is selected for response. |
| What is Treisman's Filter Attenuation theory? | Don't completely block unattended information, simply turn down the volume. Handles problematic data (cocktail party effect), switching messages in dichotic listening. Some items have temporarily lower thresholds, in dichotic listening words are primed. |
| What is Kahneman's model of attention and effort? | Allocate cognitive resources to various tasks. Depends on level of resources (arousal levels determine capacity.) |
| What are dispositions?(in relation to Kahneman) | Preferences for certain tasks. |
| What are intentions? (in to Kahneman) | How important a task is at a certain time. |
Created by:
reillyb2
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