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mental disorders

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Mental Health - What is 'normal'? Mental health: is a state of emotional and social well-being in which individuals realise their own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and can contribute to their community. Mental illness: is a mental disorder that affects one or more functions of the mind. A mental illness can interfere with a person's thoughts, emotions, perceptions and behaviours.
Mental disorder: implies the existence of a clinically recognisable set of symptoms and behaviours that usually need treatment to be alleviated. Mental illness is more severe and ongoing than a mental health problem. What is normal? A behaviour is generally considered to be normal when it helps a person to assimilate appropriately into their society and culture and to function independently as expected for their age.
Functional approach to normality. Psychological dysfunction: occurs when there is a breakdown in the way a person thinks, feels and behaves. Medical approach to normality. The medical approach to normality states that a person's state of mental health is determined by a set of symptoms. If a mental illness is diagnosed, then treatment is required - psychological, pharmaceutical or both.
>> Chapter 18 Diagnosing Mental Disorders. Disorder: a set of symptoms that interfere with daily functioning. Symptoms are reasonably consistent between patients but origins/causes may differ.
Communication and Control. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM): one of the main systems for classifying and diagnosing mental health disorders. DSM-IV-TR is the fourth text revision and the most widely used in Australia, the DSM-V is due for publication in 2013.
International Classification of Diseases (ICD): one of the two main systems for classifying and diagnosing mental health issues. It is descriptive and largely based on symptoms reported by the patient and the criteria ranked as important by professionals.
It is used to diagnose most health problems, including both physical and mental health issues. > One of the roles of a psychologist is to diagnose mental illness.
> Naming a mental disorder improves communication between psychologists and other professionals. It also helps clarify and define variables for research in the area. > A correct diagnosis is extremely important as it can assist with the course of treatment and the control of the disorder and symptoms.
> The two main systems of classifying and diagnosing mental health disorders are the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM. - the most widely used classification system in Australia.
> The ICD covers a wide range of illnesses than the DSM, which is more commonly used to diagnose mental health conditions. There have been several revisions of the DSM since it was first published in 1952, and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) is the current version.
> The number of disorders has increased as the different revisions have been published and now stands at 365. > When a person presents to a psychologist with a mental health problem, the steps in intervention are as follows: - clinical interview - assessment of personality, cognitive or behavioural traits
- neuropsychological assessment - identification of clinical symptoms - use DSM or ICD to diagnose the disorder - design the interventions - implement treatment - review intervention.
> The way the DSM works is to identify a person's presenting issues on five different axis: - axis 1: clinical disorders - axis 2: mental retardation and personality disorders - axis 3: general medical conditions - axis 4: psychosocial and environmental problems - axis 5: global assessment of functioning (GAF).
> Criticisms of the DSM system include issues to do with: - cultural variation - validity of the categories - writing by committee - subjectivity - health insurance. > Psychological illnesses do not fit into neat categories as most medical conditions do, and very often people with one diagnosed disorder have symptoms of one or more other disorders.
> It is expected by many that the fifth edition of the DSM (DSM-V) will move towards a less categorical structure by introducing dimensional classifications, particularly of personality disorders. Dimensional Diagnosis in Action. Dimensional diagnosis: a system of diagnosis in which conditions are assessed by the extent to which patients show particular symptoms.
> Autistic disorder, high-functioning autism and Asperger's disorder are referred to as 'spectrum disorders', where autism grades into high-functioning autism which shares many characteristics with Asperger's disorder. The Biopsychosocial Model. > Was first developed by George L. Engel.
> He believed that to truly understand and treat a person's mental and/or phyical illness, it was important to consider their condition in terms of biological, psychological and social influences. > His model was a 'holistic' option to the traditional biomedical model that had separated the body and the mind for centuries.
> The biomedical approach tended to treat the individual from a purely physiological and molecular or ellular level in a distant and impersonal manner that ignored human distress. > Engel also believed that the clinician/doctor/psychologist had an important role in influencing the course of both treatment and the person's recovery.
If the clinician was perceived to be uncaring and disinterested in the patient, the recovery could be hampered and delayed. > His aim was to bring greater 'empathy and compassion' into the patient-practitioner relationship, with the objective of attaining a better recovery outcome.
> According to Engel, biological factors include physiological/anatomical, neurotransmitters, genetic factors, gender, age and ethnicity. > Psychological factorsare the individual's subjective perceptions, personality predisposition and their unique thoughts, feelings and behaviours.
> Social influences include family, friends, societal expectations and available services, cultural background and environment. > The biopsychosocial model became a 'collaborative pathway to health'.
> The biopsychosocial model has developed since its first inception and has been applied successfully in both medical and organisational settings. It considers questions such as: > Is there a family history of physical or mental illness? > Are there any difficulties at home, work or school? > Is this person experiencing psychological distress (sadness, anxiety) because of an underlying psychological condition?
> What social support structures do they have in place? Biological factors. Considers a person's functioning in terms of bodily structures such as the brain and nervous system, biochemical processes (for example the role of particular neurotransmitters) and genetic predisposition (what has been inherited).
Types of assessment/treatment include: > neuroimaging - devices such as CAT scan, PET scan, EEG, MRI or fMRI. > medication - antidepressants, psychotropic drugs, mood stabilising drugs.. > neuropsychological testing - questionnaires, intelligence quotient tests. > medical procedures.
Psychological factors. Psychological fators such as the folowing are taken into account: > personality > behaviour > perception > cognition > attention > motivation. Social factors. A range of social and cultural influences can either increase a person's resilience or contribute to their ill health. These influences can include:
> school environment and pressures > work environment and pressures > level of education > availability and access to appropriate medical and support facilities > socioeconomic factors such as poverty and homelessness. > These factors can be crucial to a person's recovery if they have been ill. Research has found that social support networks are just as important to an individual's recovery as the actual medical attention or diagnosis they receive.
> There is great emphasis on developing a professional but also caring relationship between clinician/doctor/psychologist and patient/client.
Created by: phoebe 4
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