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Pharmacology Ch 1
Pharmacology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Drug | Any chemical that can affect living processes |
| Pharmacology | Study of drugs and their interactions with living systems |
| Clinical Pharmacology | study of drugs in humans |
| Therapeutics | The use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease or to prevent pregnancy |
| Properties of an Ideal Drug (3) | Effectiveness, Safety, Selectivity |
| Effectiveness | Most important property - drug elicits response for which it is given |
| Safety | A safe drug cannot produce harmful effects even if it is given at high doses for a very long time - there is no such thing as a safe drug! |
| Selectivity | Elicits only the response for which it is given - can't produce SE's - there is no such thing! |
| Additional Properties of an Ideal Drug (7) | Reversible action, Predictability, Ease of administration, Freedom from drug interactions, Low cost, Chemical stability, Simple generic name |
| Reversible Action | Important for most drugs that the effects subside within an appropriate amount of time (ex. anesthesia) |
| Predictability | Drug does what we think it will do - but since each patient is unique, we tailor therapy to the individual |
| Ease of Administration | The route should be convenient and the # doses/day should be low |
| Benefits of Ease of Administration | 1) Enhance patient adherence 2) Decrease administration errors |
| Freedom from Drug Interactions | Few drugs are devoid of significant interactions |
| Low Cost | Expense becomes a significant factor when a drug must be taken chronically |
| Chemical Stability | Drugs must be periodically discarded - this is not ideal |
| Possession of a Simple Generic Name | Generic names are preferable to trade names - they should be simple |
| Therapeutic Objective of Drug Therapy | Provide maximum benefit with minimum harm |
| Factors that Determine the Intensity of Drug Responses | Administration, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Sources of individual variation |
| Administration | Important determinants of drug responses: dosage, size, route, timing. Medication errors, patient adherence. Incorrect administration -> toxicity or Tx failure. |
| Pharmacokinetics | "motion of drugs" - determining how much of administered dose gets to sites of action - impact of the body on drugs |
| Four Major Pharmacokinetic Processes | Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion |
| Pharmacodynamics | Impact of drugs on the body |
| 3 Aspects of Pharmacodynamics | 1) Drug-Receptor interaction 2) Patient's functional state (ex. drug tolerance) 3) Placebo effects |
| 4 Sources of Individual Variation | 1) Physiologic variables: age, gender, weight 2) Pathologic variables: liver/kidney fxn 3) Genetic variables: alter drug metabolism 4) Drug interactions |
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