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Psychosocial & Ethic
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Stigma | a negative connotation; refers to something or someone with little value; a mark of shame or discredit |
| Stereotyping | a standardized mental picture that is held in common by members of a group & represents an oversimplified opinion, affected attitude, or uncritical judgment |
| Prejudice | preconceived judgment or opinion without just grounds or sufficient knowledge (ignorance); irrational attitude of hostility directed against an individual, group, race, or their supposed characters |
| Discrimination | negative, differential outlook, action, or behavior against a person or group, and usually derived from prejudice; practice of discriminating categorically rather than individually |
| Bias | an inclination of temperament toward highly personal and unreasoned distortion of judgment; an unfair preference for or dislike of something or somebody |
| Ethnocentrism | separates members of one culture from another - "us" and "them" |
| Ethnorelative | refers to all cultural beliefs and practices have equal value or worth |
| Active | control |
| Passive | victimization/need to be helped |
| Disability | a condition of the person which may extend to a problem with an ability; loss of deviation, in either qualitative and quantitative way, the ability to perform an activity or behavior, taking into account age, gender, and physical, social, and cultural env |
| Handicap | implies that a person with a disability may not be able to assume/achieve a role in society as a result of society's barriers |
| Disablement | all the events that impact health-related quality of life; the process precipitated by the onset of illness or injury |
| Equal Pay Act 1963 | ensures both men and women receive equal pay for performing similar work |
| Civil Rights Act 1964, Title VIII | prohibits employer from refusing to hire on the basis of race, color, sex, religion, or national origin |
| Age Discrimination and Employment Act 1967 | prohibits discrimination against persons 40 to 70 years old |
| Rehabilitation Act 1973 | requires employers to have an affirmative action plan that includes handicapped persons |
| Education for All Handicapped Children Act 1975 | ensured children with disabilities have special education and multidisciplinary related services to meet their needs; applies to ages birth to 21 after 1986 revision |
| Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 1997 | requires children with disabilities have individual care plans and strengthens academic accountability |
| Americans with Disabilities Act 1990-1992 | requires "reasonable accommodations" for persons with a disability |
| Informed Consent | patients have the right to be told of what is to be done to/for them, and the benefits/risks and alternatives associated therein |
| Standard Precautions | federal mandate from the 1980s to protect health care workers from environment and/or patients |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration | federal and state protection for the workplace |
| American Hospital Association | above and beyond the legal guidelines for patient protection; generally accepted as important and adopted by all institutions; 12 rights |
| Piaget | developmentalist; suggested that as cognitive abilities develop, the ability to know the right thing to do also develops |
| Amoral | ages 0-2 |
| Egocentric | ages 2-7; lacks morality, bends rules |
| Heteronomous | ages 7-12; total acceptance of morality imposed by others |
| Autonomous | ages 12 and over; internalized morality of cooperation |
| Kohlberg | cognitive psychologist; refined work of Piaget based on his research of primarily young men and boys |
| Preconventional | characterized by satisfying one's own needs; "I must obey the authority figure or else..."; responsive to cultural rules and labels of good and bad or right and wrong only as they relate to physical consequence of action (reward or punishment) |
| Conventional | characterized by social convention and expectations with respect for authority and laws of society; "I probably should because everyone expects me to...""I ought to because of a duty to obey the rules."; |
| Postconventional | characterized by conformity to ever-changing values and demands of society and a conscience that holds me responsible for doing what is right; "I may because of my role in society but often question society's values" "I will because I know it is right." |
| Morality | made up of lots of values concerned with relations between people and how to protect quality of life for the individual or for society |
| Moral Thing to Do | refers to laws, traditions, or customs that guide a person or society to allow for a confident course of action |
| Moral Sensitivity | recognizing and interpreting the ethical situation; awareness of how our actions will impact others |
| Moral Judgment | judging which action is right (or best) or wrong (or worst); judging which line of action is more morally justified given all the facts |
| Moral Motivation | prioritizing moral values over other values such as self-interest or financial gain; wanting to care and do the best for other than oneself |
| Moral Character | having courage and persistence to overcome distractions and implement chosen action; resisting the need to be approved or liked by others |
| Ethics | refers to a systematic reflection on morality and the use of special methods to examine moral situations and questions assumptions about components of morality |
| Ethical Thing to Do | means that a moral course of action chosen has been reflected upon and it remains the right thing to do |
| Descriptive Ethics | refers to what people actually believe or how they act in moral matters |
| Normative Ethics | asks more concrete questions related to morality and standards of rightness and wrongness |
| Norm | basic unit of morality used in normative ethical thinking |
| Bioethics | clinical decision making based on consideration of facts; moral decision making based on consideration of values |
| Teleological System | act to bring about the best result or goal |
| Deontological | act in accordance with basic duties and rights of individuals or groups |
| Moral Principles for the Professions | Autonomy, Beneficence, Non-maleficence, Justice |
| Autonomy | do that which enables the patient's right to choose; capacity to think, act, and decide freely and independently; having free will |
| Beneficence | do that which is best for the patient; benefit to patient outweighs harm that may be caused to HCP/health care system; not the same as non-maleficence |
| Non-Maleficence | above all do no harm...primum non nocere; remove/prevent any harm from happening |
| Justice | act with fairness to all |
| Distributive Justice | equal distribution of goods/services to all members of the group; disability parking placards to all persons with a disability |
| Compensatory Justice | an act to make up for a past injustice; affirmative action |
| Procedural Justice | used to be fair/impartial to several; first come, first served |
| Ethical Rules Based On Moral Principles | Veracity, Confidentiality, Fidelity |
| Veracity | to tell the truth and not lies; can become question of how much truth to tell; from autonomy and beneficence |
| Confidentiality | moral obligation to keep private/confidential information concerning patients even if not specifically requested; HIPPA; exception may be if harm to the patient or others could occur from not revealing; from beneficence |
| Fidelity | be faithful to reasonable expectations; actions are faithful to patient and to colleagues |
| Ends/Results Oriented Approach | action which benefits the greatest; follows teleological approach |
| Duty Oriented Approach | refer to list of principles and decide which principle is the highest; follows deontological approach |
| Absolute Duties | are binding under all circumstances with no exception per Kant; never able to give way to another compelling moral principle or duty |
| Prima Facie | David Ross; while it appears self evident, allows for choices among conflicting principles |
| Conditional Duties | commitment that comes into being only after certain conditions prevail |
| Right to Autonomy | viewed as a freedom right; patient's right to exercise choices and increase their role in healthcare decisions |
| Right to Healthcare | considered an entitlement right; society must provide resources to ensure all persons receive the necessary care |
| Practice Acts | state statutes that guide limits of professional obligation and responsibility for those professionals |
| Moral Repugnance | conscious clause as result of Roe v Wade; exempts one from participation in activity with which in moral conflict |
| Pellegrino | physician ethicist; ascending order of ethical sensitivity; to be a virtuous HCP, one must go beyond a legalistic fulfillment of law and duties |
| Issues/Situations | one or more moral principles are present or may be challenged; while involves moral values, doesn't present difficult choices or create problems |
| Ethical Distress | two or more moral principles create a challenge about what to do |
| Ethical Problems | ethical temptation involves a choice between a right and a wrong |
| Rushworth Kidder | ethicist; suggests four tests to determine temptation from dilemma: legal test, stench test, front page test, mom test, if any 'yes' not a dilemma |
| Ethical Dilemma | two or more ethical principles conflict with each other in a given situation |
| Problem Solving from Purtillo | gather relevant facts/info related to situation; ID type of ethical situation & principles involved; use ethical approaches to analyze situation & decide which approach will best get to the heart of the situation; explore practical alts; act; eval process |
| Intimate Helping | involves a person(s) you love/care for deeply; willing to risk personal injury/danger to self for another person |
| Personal Helping | involves a personal act but not at an intimate level; look at the tools used rather than the level of involvement with the other person; may be social or therapeutic |
| Social Helping | no defined or professional skills used; usually an altruistic act in desire to benefit someone else; can be unhealthy when used to satisfy own needs |
| Therapeutic Helping | personal but not intimate act with specific, well defined professional skills; performance or professionally competent acts to benefit patient not benefit oneself |
| Detrimental Dependence | therapeutic helping can lead to this; refers to over-dependence and based on insecurity; unable to control level of involvement between therapist and patient; hinders or blocks patient from achieving goals |
| Constructive Dependence | therapeutic dependence can lead to this; based on mutual respect so enhances potential of each person; acceptance of responsibility so dependent on oneself rather than other person; facilitates patient more fully realizing their goals |
| Perceptions | patient may bring ideas about their condition influenced by culture, generations, etc; therapist may fall prey to viewing the patient as the "diagnosis" vs the "patient" |
| Needs | patient in need of help from therapist and reassurance about impairment/functional limitation; appearance of therapist as a real professional |
| Stereotypical Role Expectations | questionable "competence" by patient of younger therapist and/or student; appearance of therapist as a real professional |
| Trasnference | process of shifting one's feeling about a person in the past to another person; can be positive or negative; usually involves the patient toward the therapist |
| Countertransference | transfer feelings about a previous patient to the current patient; can be positive or negative; usually involves the therapist toward the patient |
| Public Relationships | kept at a distance; relatively temporary in duration |
| Private Relationships | friendships are a part of this |
| Sympathy | "fellow feeling" appropriate in a therapeutic relationship; to feel similar feelings along with another about something outside of the self |
| Empathy | momentary merging with another person in a unique moment of shared meaning; self-transposal can lead to empathy |
| Pity | feeling of sympathy with condescension; distorts the objective perspective needed to help the patient |
| Identification | process of stereotyping patient of losing sight of differences between self and/or other patients; often leads to an overfriendliness with chance of inappropriate sharing of personal information |
| Concern | encouraging the growth or progress or the other person |
| Responsibility | responding out of desire to meet the needs of the other person |
| Respect | realizing the individuality of the other person |
| Knowledge | discovering what is important to the other person |
| Cliche Conversation- level 5 | no genuine caring; standard response to "how are you?" |
| Reporting Facts - level 4 | nothing personal revealed; some sharing may take place |
| Personal Ideas and Judgment - level 3 | offer of some personal information; sharing usually in response to patient's disclosure |
| Feeling and Emotions - level 2 | involves mutual sharing without fear of judgment; patient should be allowed to share if so initiates |
| Peak Communications - level 1 | minority of interactions take place here; deepest level of communications with high degree of intimacy |
| Preferred Representational System (PRS) | refers to the system used most by the individual; can involve the visual, auditory, and/or kinesthetic systems |
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