Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Nuclear 1 Exam
flash cards for Ch. 1, 13, and part of 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| F-18 | 110 minutes |
| Ga-67 | 78 hours |
| Tc-99m | 6 hours |
| I-131 | 8 days |
| Xe-133 | 5.24 days |
| Tl-201 | 73 hours |
| In-111 | 2.8 days |
| Tc-99m HDP and Tc-99m MDP | bone imagining |
| Tc-99m MAA | lung perfusion imagining |
| Tc-99m DTPA and Xe-133 | lung ventilation imagining |
| Tl-201, Tc-99m sestamibi (Cardiolite), & Tc-99m tetrofosmin (Myoview) | myocardial perfusion imagining |
| Tc-99m mebrofenin (Cholotec) | gallbladder imagining |
| Tc-99m sulfur colloid | gastric emptying studies (eggs); lymphoscintography; Liver/spleen imaging |
| Tc-99m MAG-3 | Renal imagining |
| Tc-99m Ceretec and In-111 OXINE | white blood cell tagging |
| IN-111 DTPA | Cisternogram (CSF space) |
| Sr-89 (Metastron) and Sm-153 (Quadramet) | metastic bone pain, therapy |
| I-131 | thyroid ablation; MILLIcurie |
| I-131 and I-123 | thyroid imagining; MICROcurie |
| F-18 (chart) | Decay mode: positron Half-Life: 110 minutes Energy: 511 keV |
| Rb-82 (chart) | Decay mode: positron Half life: 76 seconds Energy: 511 keV |
| Sr-89 (chart) | Decay mode: negatron Half-Life: 50.5 days |
| Y-90 (chart) | Decay mode: negatron Half-Life: 64 hours |
| Mo-99 (chart) | Decay mode: negatron Half-Life: 66 hours Energy: 740-778 keV |
| Tc-99m (chart) | Decay mode: isomeric trans Half-Life: 6 hours Energy: 140 keV |
| Co-57 (chart) | Decay mode: electron capture Half-Life: 272 days Energy: 122 MeV |
| Ga-67 (chart) | Decay mode: electron capture Half Life: 78 hours Energy: three energies btw 93-300keV |
| 9 Guidelines of Nuclear Pharmacy | Procurement, Compounding, Quality Assessment, Dispensing, Distribution, Health/Safety, Provision of Information, Monitoring Patient Outcomes, Research & Development |
| Radionuclides | Substances that have the same number of protons, but have varying number of neutrons |
| ___ mCi=_____MBq | 1 mCi= 37 MBq |
| How many half-lives must something decay to be "gone"? | 10 |
| A= Ao X e^-kt | A= activity at time t Ao= activity at time 0 k= 0.693/ half-life t= time |
| 5 Challenges of Nuclear Pharmacy | 1) Short half-lives are difficult to work with 2) Work Schedule 3) Staffing b/c of extra training needed 4) Dependence on supply of isotopes (deliveries and generating problems) 5) Heavy boxes |
| 4 Advantages of Nuclear Pharmacy | 1) More control of work schedule 2) Minimal weekend/ holiday work 3) Pre-ordered doses allow for pre-planned day 4) No 3rd party issues |
| Minimum Requirements to be an Authorized User | 1) 200 hours of didatic learning 2) 500 hours of supervised experience |
| To qualify for the BCNP | 4000 hours of experience plus passing score |
| Pigs | Lead lined storage containers for vials, syringes |
| Dose calibrator | a. Tells how many mCi are in a dose b. an ionization chamber that is caliberated to measure the radioactivity of different isotopes used in doses c. The source of radioactivity is placed inside the chamber, and the activity is displayed on digital reado |
| Geiger-Muller Survey meter | a. The workhorse of nuclear pharmacy b. a gas-filled portable device for detecting contamination, monitoring personnel, etc c. limits in amount of radiation it can accurately detect...1-2 R/hr. c. limits in amount of accuracy |
| Ionization Chamber | used to read higher levels of radation than GM meter; however, not as rapid as GM |
| Area monitors | like GM meters, but stationary; used to detect/prevent contamination to clean areas |
| Scintillation Well Counters | a. Consists of sodium-iodide crystal detector with a well to accept test tubes b. detects gamma radiation and generatres voltage pulses proportional to the gamma energy deposited in crystal c. pulses sent to spectrometer that identify unknown radionucli |
| L Block | L-shaped piece of lead w/ inset leaded glass used to shield person from radiation; PET types are thicker |
| Lead Brick | Usually 2x4x8 inches; used to provide extra shielding; flexibility |
| Lead-lined waste containers | a. spent syringes, etc are sorted by isotope into large cardboard barrels contained in movable lead barrels; after 10 half-lifes, the waste is transferred to biohazardous waste disposal service |
| RDS 111 Cyclotron | Used to generate high energy protons for nuclear reactions (PET radioactivity) in house; two types: positive ion (accerlerates protons) and negative ion (accerlerates proton associated with 2 electrons) |
| Syringe shield | Several styles available; when injecting patient they are made of lead with lead-glass inset for easy reading; for dispensing, made entirely of leaded glass, w/ chrome cover at end to protect pharmacist's hands |
| Who Regulates Nuclear Pharmacy? (5) | DHEC, DOT, SC Board of Pharmacy, Quality control defined by the USP, FDA (mainly with PET) |
| PET | Positron Emission Tomography; requires more shielding, bc more energy involved. More shielding means heavier boxes. |
| Mo99 generator | Advanced and initiated nuclear pharmacy; involved pharmacists in the preparation and dispensing of radiopharmaceuticals; 1972: first commercial centralized nuclear pharmacy (U of NM) |
| ALARA | As Low As Reasonably Achievable; Time, Distance, and Shielding |
| Work Surface Requirements | a. must be resistant to the absorption of liquids (stainless steel, etc) b. plastic backed absorbent sheets |
| Laminar Flow Hood (Vertical) | a. Recommended for potential biohazardous material, radioactivity b. air entering thru HEPA filter so that quality is 99.9% free of particles less than 0.3; air leaving pass thru 2nd HEPA to prevent release of biohaz c. run at least 15 min before using |
| Personnel in Nuclear Pharmacy: Pharmacist | Possession, handling and dispensing of radiopharmaceuticals is regualted by NRC and SC-DHEC; must be an authorized nuclear pharmacist (ANP); protective and aseptic technique |
| Technicians | Quality control testing, inventory control, packaging, record keeping |
| Delivery Personnel | largest in number; trained in handling and transporting radioactive material; emergency procedures |
| Procurement | Inventory challenges (meet needs, but no waste; hourly inventory analysis against next day demands); receiving shipments |
| Compounding | PET, Tc-99m Kits (Traceability of all components in kit) |
| Quality Assurance | Performance of appropriate chemical, physical, biological test to ensure that product is suitable for human use |
| Dispensing | Not dispensed directly to patient, but to professional; Labeling concerns (Rx, patient name, radiopharmaceutical name, activity dispensed, date/time of calliberation) |
| Distribution | Time is important!; EPA and DOT; pharmacist must know laws; requests for radiophamaceuticals doesnt stop when pharmacy is closed--> pharmacist as dispatcher, on-call |
| Health/Safety | OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)--> Regulates chemical safety and other personnel hazards |
| Definition of Radiopharmaceutical | Chemical substance that contains radioactive atoms within its structure and is suitable for administration to humans for diagnosis or treatment of disease |
| Gamma Radiation Uses | Used for imaging; readily escapes body; allows for external detection and measurement |
| Beta Radiation Uses | Used for therapy; deposits energy within the organ being treated for disease |
| Dynamic Imagining | The camera is placed over the organ BEFORE the injection of radiopharmaceuticals; captures the radioactiviity as it enters and leaves organ; looking at a PROCESS, not a picture; Ex: renogram with Mag-3 (Tc-99m) |
| Static Imagining | The camera dector obtains images of organ AFTER the radiopharmaceuticals have been accumulated in organ; camera rotates around body to obtain multi-angle view of organ; Ex: bone scan, liver colloid study, brain death, thyroid imagining |
| Planar imagining | 2D imagining only; drawback is lesion detection may be impaired |
| SPECT imagining | Single-photon emission computed tomography; can construct computer-generated slice images thru an organ in transverse, sagittal, and coronal planes |
| In Vivo Functional Studies | Measures the functions of an organ based upon Absorption, Dilution, Concentration, Excretion of radioactivity after administration of radiopharm. Ex: radioactive iodine uptake test, Schilling Test |
| Therapeutic Uses of Nuclear Medicine | Usually relies on the absorption of Beta radiation to destry disease tissue; 1-131 to treat hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer |
| Atom | the smallest particle of an element |
| Ionized atom | 1 or more orbital electrons have been removed from the atom |
| Nuclide | An atom that is characterized by the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
| Isobars | Have the same mass number, but different protons and neutrons |
| Isotopes | Have the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons and mass number |
| Isotones | Have the same number of neutrons, but different number of protons and mass number. |
| Isomers | Have the same number of protons, neutrons and mass number |
| Periodic Table facts | 103 elements; over 1900 nuclides, but only 266 stable--> the rest are radionuclides (b/c unstable) |
| Radioisotope | A radionuclide of a particular element (sometimes these 2 terms are interchangeable) |
| Energy Orbitals | K= 2 electrons, L=8 electrons, M=18 electrons If a K-shell electron is removed, it is replaced by an L electron, releasing energy equal to the difference in binding energies |
| What happens when you remove an electron? | Some radionuclides release an X-ray, others Auger electron, others optical radiation (visible light) |
| Nucleon | protons + electrons= nucleons; can be excited by intereaction with high-speed particles or during radioactive decay; returning to their ground state energy is emitted from nucleus as a gamma ray |
| Electron Volt | A unit of energy equal to the energy required by one electron falling through a potential difference of one volt; 511 keV=0.511meV |
| Nuclear Binding Energy | The energy required to separate a nucleus into its individual components; higher binding energies are more stable (bc it takes more energy to break apart) |
| Radiation | emission and propagation of energy through space |
| Increased mass= | Increased energy |
| Alpha Particles | a. not seen freq in pharm, but new apps soon b. Helium atom 4He2++ stripped of its 2 e- c. Very short range due to large mass and charge; poor penetration; can be blocked by piece of paper |
| Beta Particles | a. Electrons emitted from the nuclei of unstable atoms b. Greater range of penetration than Alpha c. There are two types--> positron and negatron |
| Negatron | Negatively charged beta particles |
| Positron | Positively charged Beta particles |
| Negatron decay | aka beta minus; a neutron is converted into a proton, neutron, and a neutrino |
| Positron decay | a positron-neutrino pair is ejected from the nucleus |
| Gamma Ray | No particle is emitted (no particulate form); has no mass & no charge; high energy electromagnetic radiation; emitted from unstable nuclei 2ndary to particle decay (light nuclei stability= n/p ratio is 1; larger nuclei stability= n/p ratio is less than 1) |
| Ratio of neutrons | protons in a nucleus determines whether a nuclide is stable or radioactive; In general, nuclides farther away from the line of stability will have shorter half-lives |
Created by:
brookshiree2
Popular Pharmacology sets