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Vocab III
Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neurons | Nerve Cells |
| Brain | The mass of nerve tissue encased in the skull that controls virtually everything we are and everything we do |
| Soma | The cell body of a neuron that contains the nucleus of the cell and carries out the cell’s metabolic functions |
| Axon | The tube like part of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body toward other neurons |
| Terminal Buttons | Swellings at the tips of axons from which neurotransmitters are dispatched into the synapse |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemical messengers that transport nerve impulses from one nerve cell to another |
| Synapse | The small fluid filled gap between neurons through which neurotransmitters carry neural impulses |
| Dendrites | Root like structures at the end of axons that receive neural impulses from neighboring neurons |
| Sensory Neurons | Neurons that transmit information from the sensory organs, muscles, and inner organs to the spinal cord and brain |
| Motor Neurons | Neurons that convey nerve impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands |
| Glands | Body organs or structures that produce secretions called hormones |
| Hormones | Secretions from endocrine glands that help regulate bodily processes |
| Interneurons | Nerve Cells within the central nervous system that process information |
| Nerve | A bundle of axons from different neurons that transmit nerve impulses |
| Glial Cells | Small but numerous cells in the nervous system that support neurons |
| Myelin Sheath | Speeds transmission of neural impulses; Insulating layer covering the axons |
| nodes of Ranvier | Gaps in the myelin sheath that create noninsulated areas along the axon |
| Ions | Electrically charged chemical particles |
| Resting Potential | The electrical potential across the cell membrane of a neuron in its resting state |
| Depolarization | A positive shift in the electrical charge in the neurons resting potential, making it less negatively charged |
| Action Potential | An abrupt change from a negative to a positive charge of a nerve cell, also called a neural impulse |
| All or None Principal | The principle by which neurons will fire only when a change in the level of excitation occurs that is sufficient to produce an action potential |
| Refractory Period | A temporary state in which a neuron is unable to fire in response to continued stimulation |
| Receptor Site | A site on the receiving neuron in which neurotransmitters dock |
| Reputake | The process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the same transmitting neuron (Natures way of recycling) |
| Enzymes | Organic substances that produce certain chemical changes in other organic substances through a catalytic action |
| Neuromodulators | Chemicals released in the nervous system that influence the sensitivity of the receiving neuron to neurotransmitters |
| Antagonists | Drugs that block the actions of neurotransmitters by occupying the receptor sites in which the neurotransmitters dock |
| Schizophrenia | A severe and chronic psychological disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, perception, emotions, and behavior |
| Hallucinations | Perceptions experienced in the absence of corresponding external stimuli |
| Delusions | Fixed but patently false beliefs such as believing that one is being hounded by demons |
| Parkinson’s’ Disease | A progressive brain disease involving destruction of dopamine producing brain cells and characterized by muscle tremors, shakiness, rigidity, and difficulty walking and controlling fine body movements |
| Agonist | Drugs that either increase the availability or effectiveness of neurotransmitters or mimic their actions (Caffeine is an example) |
| Stimulant | A drug that activates the central nervous system such as amphetamine and cocaine |
| Amphetamines | A class of synthetically derived stimulant drugs, such as methamphetamine or “speed” |
| Antidepressants | Drugs that combat depression by affecting the levels or activity or neurotransmitters |
| Endorphins | Natural chemicals released in the brain that have pain killing and pleasure inducing effects |
| Nervous System | The network of nerve cells and support cells for communicating and processing information from within and outside the body |
| Central Nervous System | The part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord |
| Spinal Cord | The column of nerves that transmits information between the brain and the peripheral nervous system |
| Spine | The protective bony column that houses the spinal cord |
| Reflex | An automatic, unlearned response to particular stimuli |
| Spinal Reflex | A reflex controlled at the level of the spinal cord that may involve as few as two neurons |
| Peripheral Nervous System | The part of the nervous system that connects the spinal cord and brain with the sensory organs, muscles, and glands |
| Somatic Nervous System | The part of the peripheral nervous system that transmits information between the central nervous system and the sensory organs and muscles, also controls voluntary movements |
| Autonomic Nervous System | The part of the peripheral nervous system that automatically regulates involuntary bodily processes, such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | Accelerates bodily processes and releases stores of energy needed to meet increased physical demands |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | Regulates bodily processes such as digestion that replenish stores of energy |
| Hindbrain | the lowest and, in evolutionary terms, oldest part of the brain; includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum |
| Medulla | A structure in the hindbrain involved in regulating basic life functions, such as heartbeat and respiration |
| Pons | A structure in the hindbrain involved in regulating states of wakefulness and sleep |
| Brainstem | The “stalk” in the lower part of the brain that connects the spinal cord to higher regions of the brain |
| Cerebellum | A structure in the hindbrain involved in controlling coordination and balance |
| Midbrain | The part of the brain that lies on top of the hindbrain and below the forebrain |
| Reticular Formation | A web like formation of neurons involved in regulating states of attention, alertness, and arousal |
| Forebrain | The largest and uppermost part of the brain; contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex |
| Basal Ganglia | An assemblage of neurons lying in the forebrain that is important in controlling movement and coordination |
| Hypothalamus | A small, pea sized structure in the forebrain that helps regulate many vital bodily functions including body temperature and reproduction, as well as emotional states, aggression, and responses to stress |
| Limbic System | A formation of structures in the forebrain that includes the hippocampus, amygdale, and parts of the thalamus and hypothalamus |
| Amygdala | A set of almond shaped structures in the limbic system believed to play an important role in aggression, rage, and fear |
| Hippocampus | A structure in the limbic system involved in memory formation |
Created by:
saxplayer2011
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