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Ch 1, 2, 3 - RC
Intro to Resp. Care Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sinuses | air-filled cavities in the bones of the skull which communicate with the nasal cavity (make head "lighter") |
| Palatine Tonsils | back of the oral pharynx between the palatopharygeal arch and the palatoglossal arch (visible when looking in the mouth) |
| Lingual Tonsils | back of the tongue (lumpy bumps) |
| Pharyngeal Tonsils | aka Adenoids, back of the nasopharynx; if inflamed or swollen, they may block passage of air between the nose and throat |
| Upper-Airway | 1) Nose - filter, warm and humidify 2) Oral Cavity 3) Pharynx- a)nasopharynx b)oropharynx c)laryngopharynx 4) Layrnx |
| Epiglottis | prevents aspiration of foods or liquids by covering the larynx opening while swallowing |
| Glottis | narrowest passageway in an adult (Trachea) |
| Cricoid Cartilage | the only cartialigious ring that goes all the way around the trachea; narrowest passageway on an infant |
| Circothyroid Ligament | site where the trachea is punctured if you can't breathe through your mouth |
| Alveolar Sacs | where most gas exchange occurs (part of the Respiratory Zone) O2 goes in blood; CO2 goes out of blood |
| Pores of Kohn | where over ventilated go to under ventilated via small pore (PoK) |
| Canals of Lambert | opening that allows going back and forth |
| Pendulum Effect | going from one lung to another |
| Pulmonary Artery | only 1 - pumps blood to lungs (low in O2) (all other arteries are high in O2) |
| Pulmonary Vein | 4 of them - come from lungs to heart with oxygenated blood (all other veins are low in O2) |
| Lymphatic System | Primary function is to remove excess fluid and protein molecules that leak out of the pulmonary capillaries (break "junk" down) |
| Pneumothorax | a collection of air or gas in the pleural space, causing the lung to collapse (air goes in but can't get out; pushes to the infected side) |
| Phrenic Nerve | innervates the diaphragm |
| Vagus Nerve | innervates throat, rectum, back of the throat (openings) (more sensitive on babies) |
| Muscles of Ventilation (Inspiration) | Using Muscles: Active -scalene (neck) -sternocleidomastoid (sides of neck) -pectoralis major (upper chest) -trapezius (upper back/back of neck) -external intercoastal (between ribs) |
| Muscles of Ventilation (Expiration) | Not using Muscles: Passive -Rectus -External Abdominius -Internal Abdominius -Transverse (Internal Intercoastal) All in the Abdomen |
| Laplace's Law | The distending pressure of a liquid sphere is: 1)directly proportional to the surface tension of the liquid 2)inversely proportional to the radius of the sphere |
| Pulmonary Surfactant | a phopholipd substance important in controlling the surface tension of the air liquid emulsion lining the alveoli |
| Poiseuille's Law | the speed of the flow of a fluid through a tube is directly proportional to the square of the diameter of the tube, the pressure upon the fluid and indirectly to the viscosity of the fluid and the length of the tube |
| Diffusion | the movement of gas molecules from an area of relatively high concentration of gas to one of low concentration |
| C dyn | Dynamic Compliance = Vt/MIP-EEP |
| C static | Static Compliance = Vt/SPR-EEP Normal = males-40-50; females- 35-45 |
| Raw | Raw = MIP-SPR/Flow *must convert cm/min to L/sec by diving by 60 |
| Lung Compliance | "Stiffness" of the lungs or "ease of filling"; tells how much pressure will develop in the lungs for a given volume of air (pushed in) |
| Compliance | is GOOD!! The BIGGER the BETTER |
| Resistance | is BAD!! THE smaller THE BETTER |
| Alveolar Dead Space | some alveoli are ventilated but not perfused with pulmonary blood (unpredictable) |
| Anatomic Dead Space | volume of gas in conducting airways normal - 1 ml/lb or 2.2 ml/kg |
| Physiologic Dead Space | the sum of the alveolar and anatomic dead space |
| Airway Resistance | pressure difference between the mouth and the alveioli divided by the inspiratory flow rate *normal = 1-2 cm H2O/L/Sec (Resistance against air flow) |
| Apnea | complete absence of breathing |
| Eupnea | normal breathing |
| Biot's Breathing | short rapid, deep breaths followed but 10-30 secs of apnea |
| Hypernea | increased depth (volume) of breathing |
| Hyperventilation | pulmonary ventilation rate greater than metabollically necessary *need blood gas test (wrist); decrease in CO2 (not normal) |
| Tachypnea | rapid rate of breathing |
| Cheyne-Stokes Breathing | 10-30 secs of apnea followed by gradual increase in volume, then decrease until more apnea |
| Kussmaul Breathing | deep and very rapid breathing (Not too small!) |
| Orhopnea | when it is more comfortable for the patient to breathe in an upright position |
| Dyspnea | shortness of breathe where the person is aware |
| pH | (potential hydrogen) 7.35(acid) - 7.45 (alk) |
| PaCO2 | partial pressure of arterial CO2 normal = 38-42 or 35-45 mmHg |
| HCO3 | kidneys; normal = 22-26 mEq/L |
| PaO2 | partial pressure of oxygen normal = 80-100 mmHg |
| Vt | tidal volume = weight/2.2 x (7/9) then divide by 1000 normal = 7-9 ml/kg |
| Vtalv | Alveolar Tidal Volume = Vt - DS (weight) volume giving benefit by getting rid of CO2 |
| Dead Space | wasted ventilation (usually weight) |
| MV | Minute Volume = RR x Vt |
| MValv | Alveolar Minute Volume = RR x Vtalv |
| AC Membrane | under Alveolar sacs - thickening and widening edema is swelling between it and the alveolis |
| Boyle's Law | if the Temp is constant, pressure will vary inversely to volume (increase in volume means decrease in pressure) |
| Charles' Law | if Pressure is constant, volume and temp vary directly (increase in volume then increase in temp) |
| Gay-Lussac's Law | if volume is constant, pressure and temp vary directly (increase in pressure then increase in temp) |
| Ideal Gas Law | incorporates pressure, volume and temperature in a mathematical equation |
| Dalton's Law | in a mixture of different gases, the total pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of all the gases |
| Fick's Law | rate of gas transfer across a sheet of tissue is directly proportional to the surface area of the tissue to the diffusion constants (loss of tissue = loss of surface area) |
| Alveolar Air Equation | Oxygen in the lungs PAO2 = [(Pb-PH2O)x FIO2] - PaCO2/.8 |
| Pb | 760 mmHg (if not given) |
| PH2O | 47 |
| PAO2 | oxygen in lungs (Alveolar) |
| FIO2 | .21 (if not given) |
| AaDO2 | Difference of Oxygens: normal = 20 A - a (Alveolar - arterial) |
| Henry's Law | amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid at a given temp is proportional to the partial pressure of gas CO2 = .592 O2 = .244 CO2 is 24x more soluble than oxygen |
| Graham's Law | the rate of diffusion of a gas through a liquid is: 1)directly proportional to the solubility coefficient of the gas and 2)inversely proportional to the gram molecular weight (oxygen is lighter than 2 gases, moves faster than CO2) |
| Absolute Humidity | actual amount of water vapor in gas (mg/L) |
| Relative Humidity | actual amount of water vapor in a gas compared with the amount necessary to cause the gas to be fully saturate (%) |
| Body Humidity | absolute humidity of inspired gas saturated at body temperature |
| Humidity Deficit | difference between water vapor content of a gas at BTPS (Body Temperature Pressure Saturated) (mg/L) |
| Driving Pressure | the difference between 2 points in a tube or vessel (P1>P2) |
| Transairway Pressure (Pta) | the pressure difference between the mouth pressure (Pm)and the alveolar pressure (PAlv) Pta = Pm - PAlv |
| Transthoracic Pressure (Ptt) | the pressure difference between the alveolar (PAlv) and the body surface pressure (Pbs) Ptt = PAlv - Pbs |
| Transpulmonary Pressure (Ptp) | the pressure difference between the alveolar (PAlv) and the pleural pressure (Ppl) |
Created by:
nmf05
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