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Miles pharmacology
Pharmacology section 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a medication Error | Any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health-care professional, patient, or consumer. |
| FDA estimates how many errors per year | 1.2 million |
| Manufacturing erors include | contamination, mislabeling, incorrect drug, incorrect concentration, incorrect doses |
| other factors for medication errors | miscommunication, handwriting, look-alike and sound-alike drugs, misuse of zeroes and decimal points, confusion of dosing units, use of dangerous abbreviations and symbols, lack of complete information, omission errors |
| what is the significance of medication errors | close to 100,000 citizens experience permanent harm or death each year because of preventable medical errors, approximately 7,000 deaths are actually caused each year in the us by medication errors |
| what 3 things can be done to reduce medication errors | prescriptions with similar drug names should always be verified, unfamiliar abbreviations must be verified, trailing zeroes should be avoided and leading zeroes must always be used |
| how should you check drug accurately | each drug name should be checked, its name strength and dosge form should then be checked against the medication order |
| prescribing errors involve what type of health-care practitioners | All health-care practitioners |
| What are the most common prescribing errors | miscommunication or misinformation |
| administration errors include: | giving a drug to the wrong patient, giving the incorrect strength of a drug, giving medications too frequently or not frequently enough, using the incorrect dosage form |
| how should you document medication errors | in a clear, factual manner, without blame or judgement |
| What is the FDA Doing to minimize errors | bar codes for all drugs, stop using certain abbreviations, clearer drug product labeling |
| What does ISMP stand for | Institute for safe medication practices |
| What is MEDMARX | the US Pharmacopoeia's anonymous medication errors reporting program |
| Written order by the physician to include: | divice, drug (Trade or generic name), amount (mg ml cc, times per day |
| before administering a drug check: | double check dosage, check for cloudiness color changes sediment |
| Ask yourself what questions | can drug be given by route ordered, is it compatible with other drugs being given, is patient allergic to this drug, is it contraindicated for patient condition, identify patient by bracelet and ask birthdate. |
| most RC drugs are: | Unit dose (1 dose ready to use) |
| for nebs, stop treatment if: | heart rate goes up more than 20 points, bronchospasm worsens |
| pharmacodynamics | the study of how drugs interact with their sites of action |
| excretion | removal of a drug or metabolites from the body |
| most common route of excretion | through urine |
| clearance rate: | the rate in which drugs disappear from the circulation |
| pharmacodynamics: | the study of how drugs interact with their sites of action |
| genetics play a role in: | drug metabolism usually found when patients have problems |
| a drugs therapeutic effects and its adverse effects are influenced by: | the processes of absorption, metabolism, reabsorption, and excretion |
| what determins the dose-effect relationship of a drug | pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics |
| pharmacokinetics | the effect of the body on a specific drug |
| what is pharmacokinetics made up of: | absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion |
| absorption: | movement of a drug from the site of administration |
| distribution | the movement of a drug through the bloodstream into the tissues, and eventually into the cells |
| metabolism | the conversion of a drug into another substance, or substances |
| where does metabolism primarily occur | the liver |
| biotransformation (Metabolites) | the process of conversion of drugs from their original to a new form |
| method by which a drug gets into the body | administration |
| onset-time | time it takes for a drug to be active |
| onset and peak effect can be altered by | the route given |
| drugs given orally need: | bigger dose than IV or inhalation |
| aerosol targets | lung |
| potency | the amount of a drug that must be given in order to produce a particular response |
| efficacy | how well a drug produces its desired effect |
| effective dose | the dose required to produce the therapeutic response in 50% of the population |
| lethal dose | point at which a drugs dose would be fatal in 50% of thepopulation |
| therapeutic index | the effective dose is compared with the lethal dose |
| affinity | cell recipient |
| agonist | drug that binds to a specific receptor, producing a stimulatory response |
| Antagonist | drug that prevents n agonist from binding to its specific receptor |
| What factors affect drug action | Age, Gender, Body weight, drug half-life, diurnal body rhythms, diseases |
| what is the major determining factor of the length of a drugs action oin the body? | half-life |
| define adverse effects | harmful unexpected effects caused by a drug |
| define side effects | effects that were not necessarily intended (and may be either beneficial or harmful) |
| Most drugs bind with what to cause physiologic changes | Protein targets |
| what are common protein targets? | receptors, enzymes, ion channels, or carrier molecules |
| What do some drugs bind with to alter genetic response | DNA |
| For any drug response drug and receptors must be... | chemically and structurally compatible. |
| to have efficacy the drug must... | bond with receptor and cause response. |
| response is proportional to... | drug concentration |
| What are the types of drug receptors | lipid soluble (corticosteroids), transmembrane receptor (alburterol) |
| lipid soluble-corticosteroids have | attachment to intracellular receptor, modified cell transcription |
| Transmembrane receptor-albuterol have | G proteins start the effector system |
| Effector system produces... | second messenger that causes cell response |
| Drug interactions occur when... | A drugs effect are altered by another drug's effects |
| Drug interactions may result in... | either an increased or decreased effect |
| sometimes both drugs effects are... | altered, and sometimes the drug interaction may acctually be beneficial |
| drug allergies are... | abnormal responses to drugs that occur in a small number of individuals |
| the term hypersensitivity is often used synonymously with... | allergy |
| define anaphylactic shock | severe sudden allergic reaction that may be life-threatening |
| anaphylactic reactions commonly cause... | sharp oss of blood pressure, diaphragm paralysis, and oropharynx swelling |
| anaphylactic reactions signify... | a true medical emergency |
| Define drug tolerance | the development of resistance to a drugs effects to the degree that doses must be raised continually to acheive the desired response |
| define cross-tolerance | occurs when a resistance develops to chemically similar drugs |
| dependence is often confused with | tolerance |
| Define potentiation | an interaction between two drugs causing a greater effect than that which would occur from the additive properties of the drugs involved |
| Define cumulative effect | occurs when the body cannot metabolize and excrete one dose of a drug completely before the next dose is given |
| define toxicity | state of being noxious, and refers to a drug's ability to poison the body |
| define antidote | a drug that has the opposite effect and can reverse the toxic symptoms of a drug |
| define overdose | toxic dose of a drug that harms the patient |
| the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system... | work together to keep the body in balance. |
| the body either... | stimulates or blocks the parasympathetic nervous system |
| the autonomic nervous system coltrols | essential to life-day to day bodily function |
| parasympathetic chemical transmitters | acetylcholine at synapse and neuroeffector site |
| parasympathetic receptor sites | nicotinic and muscarinic |
| nicotinic stimulate | acetylocholine(Cholinergic) at autonomic ganglia |
| Nicotinic is used to | stimulate, Increases BP, and vasoconstriction |
| type of Muscarinic found in the lung | M1, M2, M3 |
| M1 and M2 cause | bronchoconstriction |
| Parasympatholytic inhibit | the parasympathetic system |
| cholinergic stimulate | receptor for each acetylcholine (Could be nicotinic or muscarinic) |
| Anticholinergic blocks | receptor or acetylcholine |
| anticholinergic blocks cause | bronchodilation |
| Sympathetic general alarm | HR and BP up, Blood flow to heart and muscles up, bronchodilation |
| sympathetic neuroeffector | norepinephrine |
| Norepinephrine terminated by | reuptake and the enzymes COMT and MOA |
| Alpha 1 | vasoconstriction (Nasal decongestant) |
| Beta 1 | increase force and rate of cardiac contractions (Found in heart) |
| Beta 2 | Relax bronchial smooth muscle (Found in bronchi, vascular and skeletal muscle) |
| What does sympathomimetic do | stimulates the sympathetic system |
| What does sympatholytic do | inhibits the sympathetic system |
| What does adrenergic do | stimulates receptor for norepinephrine or epinephrine |
| what is adrenergic use for | bronchodilation, nasal decongestant, vasoconstriction |
| Anti-adrenergic does... | blocks receptor for norepinephrine or epinephrine |
| anti-adrenergic use for | vasodilation, anti-hypertension, anti-arrhythmic, glaucoma |
| Ipratropin and Tiotropium are... | anticholenergic |
| block M1 and M3 and get | bronchodilation |
| olitic means | work against or inhibit |
| cholinergic: | stimulate parasympathetic |
| anticholinergic: | block parasympathetic |
| Albuterol: | stimulates sympathetic |
| Adernergic (Beta 2)is: | Sympathomimetic |
| Epinephrine causes | vaso constriction |
Created by:
murphyismyname
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