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ELLIST#67
KEY TERMS CH 7 - ROUTES & FORMULATIONS
| TERM | DEFINITION |
|---|---|
| What is a formulation? | a process in which an active drug is combined with other ingredients to form a new product |
| What are the two routes of administration? | enteral or parenteral |
| What must be taken into consideration with oral administration? | certain drugs are destroyed by stomach acids and intestinal enzymes |
| What are oral formulations? | formulations that have other ingredients besides the drug, such as binders, lubricants, fillers, diluents, and disintegrants |
| What is gastrointestinal action? | the process of breaking down a medication that begins in the stomach, and continues in the intestines |
| What is sublingual administration? | when tablets are placed under the tongue |
| What are intravenous formulations? | drugs that are administered directly into the vein |
| What are IV emulsions and why are they used? | fat emulsions and TPN emulsions that are used to provide calories and nutrients to patients who are getting their nutrition by injection |
| What is an infusion? | a gradual IV injection of a fluid |
| What are some common sites for intravenous administration? | in front of elbow, back of hand, or larger veins of the foot |
| What are the main sites for intramuscular injections? | gluteal maximus (buttocks), deltoid (upper arm), and vastus lateralis (thigh) |
| What are some sites for subcutaneous injections? | back of upper arm, front of the thigh, lower portion of abdomen, and upper back |
| What are intradermal injections? | injections where small volumes are injected into the top layer of skin |
| What are ophthalmic formulations? | medications for the eye |
| What are intranasal formulations? | medications for the nose,usually decongestants |
| What are inhalant formulations? | medications that are inhaled into the lungs; most are aerosols |
| What are dermal formulations? | medications that are used for local (topical) effects on or within the skin |
| What are some forms of vaginal administration? | solutions, powders for solutions, ointments, creams, aerosol foams, suppositories, tablets, and IUDs |
| What is a local effect? | when the drug activity is only at the site of administration |
| What is a systemic effect? | when a drug is introduced into the blood and carried to other parts of the body |
| What is a buffer system? | this is created by adding ingredients to a formulation to control the pH of a product |
| What are bulk powders? | solid formulations that are mixed with water or juice |
| What is the buccal cavity? | the pouch between the cheeks and teeth |
| What are inactive ingredients? | ingredients other than the active drug, such as binders, effervescent salts, lubricants, fillers, diluents, and disintegrants |
| What is an enteric coating? | a coating that prevents the tablet from disintegrating until it reaches the intestine |
| What does it mean to be water soluble? | when a substance can dissolve in water |
| What is a pH? | the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance |
| What is necrosis? | cell death |
| What does ophthalmic mean? | related to the eye |
| What is a hemorrhoid? | painful/swollen veins in the anal/rectal area |
| What is a solvent? | a liquid that dissolves another substance |
| What are the acrimal canalicula? | tear ducts |
| Why would transcorneal transport be used? | to transfer a drug into the eye |
| What is an emulsion? | a mixture of two liquids that do not mix with each other (like oil and water) |
| What is viscosity? | the thickness of a liquid |
| What are the alveoli? | the small sacs of tissue in the lungs that transfer oxygen |
| What is a wheal? | a raised blister-like area on the skin |
| What is the lacrimal gland? | the gland that produces tears for the eye |
| What is an elastomeric pump? | an IV device for intermittent or very slow continuous infusions |
| What is the conjunctiva? | the eyelid lining |
| What is Z-tract injection? | a technique used for injecting medications that stain the skin |
| What is the cellular lining of the nose called? | nasal mucosa |
| What is an atomizer? | a device used to convert liquid to a spray |
| What is a nasal inhaler? | a device which contains a drug that is vaporized by inhalation |
| What are metered dose inhalers? | aerosols that use special metering valves to deliver a fixed dose |
| What is percutaneous absorption? | the absorption of drugs through the skin |
| What are elixers? | hydroalcoholic liquids for oral use |
| What are syrups? | concentrated solutions of sugar in water |
| What is Toxic Shock Syndrome? | a rare and potentially fatal disease that results from a severe bacterial infection of the blood |
| What is a contraceptive? | a device or formulation designed to prevent pregnancy |
| What is an IUD? | an intrauterine contraceptive device |
| What does enteral mean? | anything involving the alimentary tract, i.e., from the mouth to the rectum |
| What does parenteral mean? | any sites of administration that are outside the alimentary tract |
| What are the four enteral routes? | oral, buccal (cheek), sublingual (under the tongue), and rectal |
| What are the parenteral routes? | intraocular, intranasal, inhalation, intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, and dermal |
| What is a local effect? | when the drug activity is at the site of administration |
| What is a systemic effect? | when the drug is introduced into the circulatory system |
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