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Pharm CH 1 & 2
Pharmacology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Compliance | Implementation or fulfillment of a prescriber's or caregiver's prescribed course of tx or therapeutic plan by a patient. AKA adherence |
| Goals | Statements that are time specific & describe generally what is to be accomplished to adress a specific nursing diagnosis. |
| Medication Error | Any preventable adverse drug event related to inappropriate medication use by a pt or health care professional; may or may not cause pt harm. |
| Noncompliance | An informed decision on the part of the pt not to adhere to or follow a therapeutic plan or suggestion. AKA nonaherence |
| Nursing Process | An organizational framework for the practice of nursing. Encompasses all steps taken by nurse in caring for pt: assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning (w/goals & outcome criteria), implementation, & evaluation. |
| Outcome Criteria | Desc. of specific pt behaviors or responses that demo meeting of or achievement of goals related to each nursing diag. These stmts, like goals, s/b verifiable, framed in behavioral terms, measurable & time specific. Consiered specific--Goals - broad. |
| Prescriber | Any health care professional licensed by the appropriate regulatory board to prescribe meds. |
| Additive Effects | Drug interax in which the effect of the combo of 2 or more drugs w/ similar actions is equal to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. E.g. 1+1=2 |
| Adverse Drug Event | Any indesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed med. |
| Adverse Drug Reaction | Any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a med given at therapeutic dosages. |
| Agonist | A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body. |
| Allergic Reaction | An immunologic hypersensitivity reax resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a pt to a particular med; a type of adverse drug event. |
| Antagonist | A drug that binds to & inhibits the activity of one of more receptors in the body. AKA inhibitors |
| Antagonist Effects | Drug interax in which the effect of a combo of 2 or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. E.g. 1+1<2 Usu caused by an antagonizing (blocking or reducing) effect of one drug on another. |
| Bioavailability | A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug & route (from 0% to 100%). |
| Biotransformation | One or more biochemical reax involving a parent drug. Occurs mainly in the liver & produces a metabolite that is either active or inactive. AKA metabolism |
| Blood-brain Barrier (BBB) | Barrier system that restricts the passage of various chemicals & microscopic entities between the bloodstream & the CNS. Still allows for the passage of essential subs such as O2. |
| Chemical Name | Name that desc the chemical composition or molecular structure of a drug. |
| Contraindication | Any condition, esp one related to a disease state or other pt characteristic (incl current or recent drug therapy) rendering a particular form of tx improper or undesirable. |
| Cytochrome | The general name for a large class of enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism. |
| Dependence | A state in which there is a complulsive or chronic need, as for a drug. |
| Dissolution | Processes by which solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the GI tract & become soluble before being absorbed into circulation. |
| Drug | Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism. |
| Drug Actions | Cellular processes involved in the interax between a drug and body cells (e.g. action of a drug on a receptor protein) AKA mechanism of action |
| Drug Effects | The physiologic reax of the body to a drug. Can be therapeutic or toxic & desc how the fx of the body is affected as a whole. Terms: onset, peak & duration are used to desc drug effects (most often referring to therapeutic effects). |
| Drug-induced Teratogenesis | Development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effects of drugs. |
| Drug Interaction | Alteration in the pharmacologic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs, usu rel to the effects on the enzymes reqd for the metabolism of the involved drugs. |
| Duration of Action | The length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response. |
| Enzymes | Protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reax, incl those related to the body's on physiologic processes as well as those related to drug metabolism. |
| First-pass Effect | The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the GI tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation via the bloodstream. |
| Generic Name | Name given to a drug by the US Adopted Names Council. AKA nonproprietary name. Much shorter than the chem name & not protected by trademark. |
| Half-life | In pharmacokinetics, the time reqd for half of an admisitered dose of a drug to be elimated by the body, or the time it takes for blood level of a drug to be reduced 50%. AKA elimination half-life |
| Idiosyncratic Reaction | An abnormal & unexpected response to a med, other than an allergic reax, that is peculiar to an individual pt. |
| Incompatibility | Characteristic that causes 2 parenteral drugs or solutions to unergo a reax when mixed or given together that results in the chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs. |
| Intraarticular | Within a joint (e.g. intraarticular injection) |
| Intrathecal | Within a sheath (e.g. the theca of the spinal cord, as in intrathecal injection into the subarachnoid space). |
| Medication Use Process | The prescribing, dispensing, & administering of meds, and the monitoring of their effects. |
| Metabolite(s) | Chem form of a drug that is the prod of one or more biohemical reax involving the parent drug. Active metabolites are those that have pharmacologic activity of their own, Inactive metabolites lack pharm activity (simply drug wastes awaiting excretion). |
| Onset of Action | The time reqd for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing. |
| Parent Drug | The chem form of a drug that is admisitered before it is metabolized by the body's biochemical reax into it active or inactive metabolites. Parent drug that is pharmacologically inactive is called a prodrug. |
| Prodrug | An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reax once it is insie the body. |
| Peak Effect | Time reqd for a drugto reach its maximum therapeutic response in the body. |
| Peak Level | The max concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usu measured in a blood sample for therapeutic monitoring. |
| Pharmaceutics | Science of preparing & dispensing drugs, including dosage form design. |
| Pharmacodynamics | Study of the biochemical & physiologic interax of drugs at their sites of activity. Examines the physiochemical properties of drugs & their pharmacologic interax w/ body receptors. |
| Pharmacogenetics | Study of the influence of genetic factors on a drug response, incl the nature of genetic aberrations that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug metabolizing enzymes. AKA pharmacogenomics |
| Pharmacognosy | Study of drugs that obtained from pland & animal sources. |
| Pharmacokinetics | Rate of drug dist among various body compartments after a drug has entered the body. Incl the phases of absorption, distribution, metabolism, & excretion of drugs. |
| Pharmacology | Broadest term for the study of drugs. |
| Pharmacotherapeutics | Treatment of pathological conditions via the use of drugs. |
| Receptor | Molecular structure w/in or on the outer surface of a cell. Bind specific substances (e.g. drug molecules) and one or more corresponding cellular effects (drug actions) occurs as a result of this drug-receptor interax. |
| Steady State | The physiologic state in which the amt of a rug removed via elimination is equal to the amt of drub absorbed w/ each dose. |
| Substrates | Substances (e.g. drugs or natural biochemicals in the body) on which an enzyme acts. |
| Synergistic Effects | Drug interax in which the effect of a combo of two of more drugs w/ similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. (e.g. 1+1>2) |
| Therapeutic Drug Monitoring | Process of measuring drug peak & trough levels to gauge the level of a pt's drug exposure & allow adj of dosages w/ the goals of maximizing therapeutic effects & minimizing toxicity. |
| Therapeutic Effect | The desired or intended effect of a particular med. |
| Therapeutic Index | The ratio between the toxic & therapeutic concentrations of a drug. |
| Tolerance | Reduced response to a drug after prolonged use. |
| Toxic | The quality of being poisonous (i.e. injurious to health or dangerous to life). |
| Toxicity | The condition of producing adverse bodily effects due to poisonous qualities. |
| Toxicology | The study of poisons, incl toxic drug effects, & applicable treatments. |
| Trade Name | Commercial name given to a drug product by its manufacturer; AKA Proprietary Name |
| Trough Level | The lowest concentration of a drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level, usu measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring. |
Created by:
JaeLaw23
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