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chemical reactions
Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| chemical reactions | chemical change resulting from a collision between atoms or molecules |
| reactants | original substances that undergo a chemical reaction |
| products | the new substances produced by the reaction |
| chemical equation | an expression that uses chemical symbols to represent a chemical reaction |
| coefficient | the number before each molecular formula which indicates how many molecules of that substance are involved in the reaction |
| subscript | small number in each molecular formula which indicates number of atoms |
| the law of conservation of mass | the total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products |
| atoms are | conserved in chemical reactions |
| the number of atoms in the reactants is | equal to the number of atoms in the products |
| it must be understood that | molecular formulas cannot be changed |
| activation energy | the kinetic energy necessary for colliding molecules to chemically react |
| spontaneous | a reaction that occurs naturally with a negligible amount of activation energy |
| exothermic reaction | a chemical reaction that releases heat energy |
| endothermic reaction | some chemical reactions absorb heat energy and store it in the chemical bonds of the products |
| second law of thermodynamics | heat and other natural processes in a system always tend toward less usable energy and greater disorder |
| in every physical and chemical reaction, | some of the energy cannot be used again |
| the amount of decay or disorder in a system is known as | entropy |
| an increase in temperature will | usually speed up a chemical reaction |
| increased concentration increases | the rate of a reaction |
| increasing the surface area of the reactants | increases the speed of the reaction |
| catalyst | substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction without being permanently changed in reaction |
| combination reactions | chemical reactions in which two or more substances combine to form a third substance |
| decomposition reactions | chemical reactions in which a complex compound decomposes to form different substances |
| single-displacement reactions | chemical reactions in which one element in a another compound is replaced by another element |
| double-displacement reactions | chemical reactions in which two compounds swap ingredients |
| in double-displacement reactions, | two compounds react to form two new compounds |
| some chemical reactions are | reversible |
| salt is | general term that refers to many ionic compounds |
| acids | ionic compound that releases hydrogen cations disassociates in water;pH less than 7,turns litmus red,has sour taste;many dissolve metals |
| bases | any ionic compound that produces hydroxide anions dissociates in water;pH greater than 7,turns litmus blue,feels slippery,tastes bitter,and corrode metals |
| neutral | substances that neither acids or bases |
| acids and bases can be used to | neutralize each other |
| pH scale | scale used to describe the relative strength of an acid or base |
| electrolytes | solution capable of conducting electricity(acids,bases,salts) |
| electrolysis | the process of passing an electric current through an electrolyte to bring about a chemical reaction |
| electrolytic cell | a device for producing a chemical reaction by electrolysis |
| electrodes | large electrical contacts |
| electroplate | form a thin coating of metal on it by electrolysis |
| voltaic cells | device that produces electricity by means of a one-way chemical reaction |
| dry cells | type of voltaic cell in which the electrolyte is a moist paste instead of a liquid |
| storage cell | electrochemical cell that produces electricity and can be recharged by electric current from outside source;can store electricity for later use |
| battery | two or more storage cells joined together as a source of current |
| organic chemistry | the study of compounds containing carbon |
| the reason is simply that carbon than with all other elements combined: | more chemical compounds are formed with carbon than with all other elements combined |
| there are several reasons that such a vast number of carbon compounds exists | 1.carbon forms 4 covalent bonds 2.carbon bond form several different shapes 3.carbon atoms may form single, double,or triple bonds 4.carbon may form single and double bonds atoms many other elements |
| several reasons part 2 | 5.carbon may form compounds that contain different structural arrangements and combinations with same molecular formula |
| isomers | compound having the same molecular formula as another compound but a different structural formula |
| hydrocarbons | any of a group of organic compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms |
| alkanes | type of hydrocarbon having only single bonds between carbon atoms |
| alkenes | type of hydrocarbon containing one or more double bonds between atoms |
| alkynes | type of hydrocarbon containing one or more triple bonds between carbon atoms |
| cyclic hydrocarbons | hydrocarbon with a ring-shaped structure but without delocalized electrons |
| aromatic hydrocarbons | one of a special class of hydrocarbons having a cyclic structure and delocalized electrons |
| fullerenes | spherical molecule made up of several dozen carbon atoms,such as buckminsterfullerene |
| substituted hydrocarbons | hydrocarbons that have one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by different atoms or groups of atoms |
| functional group | a group of of atoms capable of replacing a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon |
| haloalkanes | alkanes with one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by atoms of a halogen |
| alcohol | an organic compound that has had one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by -OH |
| carboxylic acids | organic compounds that contain the functional group -COOH |
| ester | type of organic compound formed when a hydrocarbon has one or more of its hydrogen atoms replaced by the ester functional group -COO- |
| soap | organic compound consisting of long, narrow molecules having a polar end and a nonpolar,capable of dissolving nonpolar substances such as oil or grease in polar substances such as water |
| detergents | organic compounds similar to soaps but capable of cleansing even in hard water |
| polymers | huge organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules called monomers linked together |
| monomers | small organic molecule which may be linked together with other monomers to form a polymer |
| polymerization | chemical reaction by which monomers are linked together to form polymers |
| biochemistry | the study of the chemistry of life |
| carbohydrates | the most important energy-producing compounds in living cells,serve as the cell's primary fuel supply; consists of O,C,and H |
| sugars | relatively simple carbohydrates, containing up to a dozen carbon atoms |
| glucose | important six-carbon sugar found in both animals and plants(C6H12O6 |
| fructose | six-carbon sugar |
| photosynthesis | a process which green plants produce glucose |
| disaccaride | a sugar molecule consisting of two simple sugars linked together |
| polysaccharides | natural polymers of sugar molecules used for short-terms fuel storage in plant and animal cells |
| starches | types of polysaccharides made from plants used for food storage |
| glycogen | polysaccharide used for food storage in animal cells |
| cellulose | a polysaccharide that forms the walls of plant cells and gives plants trees their rigid structure |
| lipids | organic compounds composed of chains of carbon,hydrogen,and oxygen examples are fats and oils |
| fatty acid | most basic type of lipid molecules |
| fats | lipid molecule consisting of three fatty acid molecules attached to a single molecule of glycerol |
| saturated fats | type of fat containing no double bonds,with as many hydrogen atoms as possible;solid at room temperature; less healthy humans |
| unsaturated fats | type of fat containing one/more double bonds,having fewer hydrogen atoms than a saturated fats;liquid at room temperature |
| cholesterol | important used to make bile,vitamin D,cell membranes,and hormones |
| lipoproteins | conglomeration of lipids and proteins;form which cholesterol is transported through the bloodstream |
| LDL | low-density lipoproteins which causes diseases of the heart and arteries |
| HDL | high-density lipoproteins which actually reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases |
| proteins | complex organic molecules used to build and maintain living cells |
| amino acids | organic molecules that function as the building blocks of proteins |
| peptide bonds | chemical link between amino acids that links them together into proteins |
| fibrous proteins | type of protein composed of long,fairly straight chains amino acids |
| globular proteins | type protein molecule having intricate three-dimensional shape |
| enzymes | type of special globular protein that initiates or regulates chemical reactions within cell;can be thought of biochemical catalyst |
| nucleic acids | organic compounds that contain the blueprints that guide the construction of proteins in a cell |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid nucleic acid polymer with a double-helix structure ,found in the nucleus of most cells,that contains the coded blueprints and info in the cell |
| base | one of the four nitrogen-containing molecules that fit together in pairs between two backbones of DNA molecule |
| double helix | the structure of DNA with a set of 46 human chromosomes which contains 3 billion base pairs |
| four different bases in a molecule of DNA are | guanine,cytosine,adenine,thymine(G,C, A,and T) |
| the order in which these bases are strung contains | the genetic code |
| gene | segment of DNA containing the code for a specific substance,task,or characteristic |
| transcribe | make a copy of |
| RNA | Ribonucleic acid;a single stranded nucleic acid in living cells that acts as the working copy of genetic information in the cell; used as templates in the manufacture of proteins |
| replication | the process by which a cell makes new copies of DNA |
| mutation | random change or mistake in the DNA code,such as when a cell is damaged or copied incorrectly |
| cellular respiration | process in living cells in which glucose is broken down into CO2 and water releasing energy used to make ATP |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate; a molecule that serves as the energy carrier of a cell |
| metabolism | the process by which the body produces and uses energy from food |
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