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Lifespan Ch 1
Psychology - Lifespan
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Lifespan Development | the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occurs throughout the entire lifespan. |
| Physical Development | Development involving the body's physical make-up, including the brain, CNS, muscles, senses & the need for food, drink, & sleep. |
| Cognitive Development | Development involving the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence behavior |
| Personality Development | Development involving the ways that enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span |
| Social Development | Ways in which individuals interations with others & their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life. |
| Cohort | A group of people born around the same time in the same place |
| Continuous Change | Gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels (quantitative in nature). |
| Discontinuous Change | Development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behaviour that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages. |
| Critical Period | A specific time during ddevelopment when a particular event has its greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally. |
| Sensitive Period | A point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences. |
| Maturation | Predetermined unfolding of genetic information |
| Theories | Explanations & predictions concerning phenomena of interest--providing a framework of understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles. |
| 6 Major Theoretical Perspectives | ~Psychodynamic ~Behavioral ~Cognitive ~Humanistic ~Contextual ~Evolutionary |
| Psychodynamic Perspectives | Approach stating behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, & conflicts that are generally beyond awareness or control. |
| Psychoanalytic Theory | Theory proposed by Freud that suggests unconscious forces act to determine personality & behavior. |
| Psychosexual Development | (Freud) Series of stages children go through in which pleasure or gratification focuses on a particular biological function & body part. |
| Psychosocial Development | The approach that encompasses changes in our interactions with and understandings of one another, as well as in our knowledge and understanding of ourselves as members of society |
| Behavioral Perspective | The approach suggesting that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment |
| Classical Conditioning | A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response |
| Operant Conditioning | A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative responses. |
| Behavior Modification | A formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted behaviors. |
| Social-Congitive Learning Theory | Learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model. |
| Cognitive Perspective | The approach that focuses on the process that allow people to know, understand, & think about the world. |
| Information Processing Approach | Models that seek to identify the ways individuals take in, use, & store information. |
| Cognitive Neuroscience Approaches | Approaches that examine cognitive development through the lense of brain processes. |
| Humanistic Perspective | The theory contending that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior. |
| Contextual Perspective | The theory that considers the relationship of individuals & their physical, cognitive, personality, & social worlds |
| Bioecological Approach | The perspective suggesting that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals |
| Sociocultural Theory | The approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture |
| Evolutionary Perspective | The theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors |
| Scientific Method | The process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data |
| Hypothesis | A prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested |
| Correlational Research | Research that seeks to identify whether and association or relationship between two factors exists |
| Experimental Research | Reasearch designed to discover the causal relationship between various factors |
| Naturalistic Observation | A type of correlational study in which some naturally occurring behavior is observed without intervention in the situation |
| Case Studies | Studies that involve extensive, in-depth interviews with a particular individual or small group of individuals |
| Survey Research | Tpe of study where a group of people chosen to represent some larger population are asked questions about their attitudes, behavior, or thinking on a given topic |
| Psychophysiological Methods | Research that focuses on the relationship between physiological processes and behavior |
| Experiment | A process in which an investigator, called an experimenter, devises two different experiences for participants and then studies and compares the outcomes |
| Independent Variable | The variable that researchers manipulate in an experiment |
| Dependent Variable | The variable that researchers measure in an experiment and expect to change as a result of the experimental manipulation |
| Sample | The group of participants chosen for the experiment |
| Field Study | A research investigation carried out in a naturally occurring setting |
| Laboratory Study | A research investigation conducted in a controlled setting explicitly designed to hold events constant |
| Theoretical Research | Research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge |
| Longitudinal Research | Research in which the behavior of one or more participants in a study is measured as they age |
| Cross-Sectional Research | Research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time |
| Sequential Studies | Research in which researchers examine a number of different age groups over several points of time |
Created by:
JaeLaw23
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