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Pharmacology Chap 2
Pharmacokinetics and factors of Individual Variation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bioavailability | The percentage of the drug dosage that is absorbed |
| drug absorption | entrance of a drug into the bloodstream from its site of administration |
| drug addiction | condition of drug abuse and drug dependence that is characterized by compulsive drug behavior |
| drug dependence | condition of reliance on the use of a particular drug characterized as physical and/or psychological dependence |
| drug distribution | passage of a drug from the blood to the tissues and organs of the body |
| drug excretion | elimination of the drug from the body |
| drug metabolism(biotransformation) | chemical alteration of drugs and foreign compounds in the body. |
| Drug microsomal metabolizing system (DMMS) | group of enzymes in the liver that specifically function to metabolize foreign drug substances |
| Drug tolerance | decreased drug effect occurring after repeated drug administration. |
| enzyme induction | increase in the amount of drug-metabolizing enzymes after repeated administration of certain drugs. |
| enzyme inhibition | inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes by certain drugs. |
| first-pass metabolism | drug metabolism that occurs in the intestines and liver during oral absorption of drug in to the systemic circulation |
| half-life | time required for the body to reduce the amount of drug in the plasma by one-half. |
| individual variation | difference in the effects of drugs and drug dosages from one person to another. |
| intramuscular (IM) injection | route of drug administration; drug is injected into glteal or deltoid muscles. |
| intravenous (IV) injection | route of drug administration; drug is injected directly into a vein. |
| loading dose | initial drug does administered to rapidly achieve therapeutic drug concentrations |
| maintenance dose | dose administered to maintain drug blood levels in the therapeutic range |
| oral administration (30 to 60 minute onset of action) | route of drug administration by way of the mouth through swallowing |
| parenteral administration | route of drug administration that does not involve the gastrointestinal (GI) tract |
| pharmacokinetics | describes the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and drug excretion |
| What determines what from a drug will be administered | The physical and chemical properties of a drug |
| Syrup(Aqueous Preparation) | Solution of water and sugar to which a drug is added |
| What are the name of several drugs dissolved in alcohol | Elixirs, spirits, tinctures, and fluid extracts |
| Powders | drug extracts that are dried and ground into fine particles |
| Tablets | drug powders compressed into a convenient form for swallowing. |
| Troches and lozenges | Flattened tables that are allowed to dissolve in the mouth. |
| Gelatin capsules | used to administer drug powders or liquids |
| Delayed-Release Products | Various portions of the drug dissolve at different rates |
| enteric-coated products | drug tablet or capsule coated with an acid-resistant substance that will dissolve only in the less acidic portions of the intestine |
| Suppositories | intended for insertion into the rectum, urethra, or vagina |
| Ointments(Petrolatum or Lanolin) | Soft, oily substance containing a drug that is applied to the skin. |
| Transdermal Products | Drug is released from a bandage or patch and is then absorbed through the skin into systemic circulation |
| Parenteral injection | involves the administration of drugs by needle and syringe |
| Parenteral Administration | Any route that does not involve the GI tract, including inhalation, hypodermic injection, and topical application. |
| What are the most common routes of parenteral administration | Intramuscular (IM) injection, intravenous (IV) injection, inhalation, and topical application. |
| IM injections | delivered into the gluteal or deltoid muscles. |
| Intravenous injection | Fastest means of drug absorption |
| Inhalation | involves the administration of drugs through the nose or mouth and into the lungs during respiratory inspiration |
| Topical application | Creams and ointments used for local effects. |
| Drug Absorption | Entrance of a drug into the bloodstream. |
| What special transport mechanisms do cells have that allow various substances to pass through the cell membrane | filtration, passive transport, and active transport |
| Passive transport | drug molecules diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| Lipid Solubility | Drug that is liquid soluble passes through a lipid substance faster |
| Acid drug | ionized in alkaline urine |
| basic drugs | ionized in acid urine |
| enteroheptic pathway | liver-> bile->intestines->blood-> liver |
| Respiratory excretion | drugs metabolized to products that can be exchanged from blood into the respiratory tract. |
| Placebo effect | The influence of one's mined on the course of treat |
| Drug Compliance | Taking a drug exactly as prescribed |
Created by:
Mickensg
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