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PSYC001 Chapter 12
MOTIVATION AND EMOTION
Question | Answer |
---|---|
homeostasis | body's tendency to maintain the conditions of its internal environment by various forms of self-regulation |
drive | refers to a state of internal bodily tension, such as hunger or thirst or need for sleep |
thermoregulation | process by which organisms maintain a constant body temperature |
set point | general term for the level at which negative feedback tries to maintain stability |
glucoreceptors | Receptors in the brain (in the area of the hypothalamus) that detect the amount of glucose in the bloodstream |
leptin | chemical produced by the adipose cells that seems to signal that plenty of fat is stored and that no more fat is needed. This signal may diminish eating |
neuropeptide Y (NPY) | chemical found widely in the brain and periphery. In the brain, it acts as a neurotransmitter; when administered at sites in and near the hypothalamus, it is a potent elicitor of eating |
dual-center theory [Hypothesis] | "on" center: area in lateral hypothalamus, initiator of eating "off" center: area in ventromedial hypothalamus, terminator of eating Regions are crucial for eating, but regulation of eating also involves other circuits |
Body Mass Index (BMI) | commonly-used measure of whether someone is healthy weight or not; BMI is calculated as weight (kg) divided by square of height (m) |
morbid obesity | level of obesity at which someone's health is genuinely at risk, usually defined as a BMI over 40 |
comparative method | research method in which one makes systematic comparisons among diff. species in order to gain insights into the function of a particular structure of behavior, or the evolutionary origins of that structure or behavior |
testosterone | principle male sex hormone in mammals |
estrus | in mammals, period in the cycle when the female is sexually receptive (in heat) |
estrogen | female sex hormone that dominates the first half of the female cycle through ovulation |
progesterone | female sex hormone that dominates the latter phrase of female cycle during which the uterine walls thicken to receive the embryo |
human sexual response cycle | sequence of four stages that characterizes the sexual response in both men and women: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution |
tangible support | social support focused on practical or material needs |
emotional support | social support focused on emotional needs |
mastery orientation | learning orientation characterized by a focus on gaining new knowledge or abilities and improving |
performance orientation | learning orientation characterized by a focus on presenting oneself well and appearing intelligent to others |
hierarchy of needs | theory that people will strive to meet their higher-order needs (e.g. love, self-esteem, self-actualization) only when their lower, more basic needs have been met |
self-actualization | according to Abraham Maslow and some other adherents of the humanistic approach to personality, the full realization of one's potential |
pain matrix | distributed network of brain regions, including the thalamus and anterior cingulate cortex, though to respond to many types of pain |
intrinsically rewarding | activity or object that is pursued for its own sake |
extrinsically rewarding | activity or object that is pursued because of rewards that are not an inherent part of the activity or object |
wanting | organism's motivation to obtain a reward |
liking | pleasure that follows receipt of a reward |
nucleus accumbens | dopamine-rich area in the forebrain that is critical in the physiology of reward |
Body Mass Index (BMI) | commonly-used measure of whether someone is healthy weight or not; BMI is calculated as weight (kg) divided by square of height (m) |
morbid obesity | level of obesity at which someone's health is genuinely at risk, usually defined as a BMI over 40 |
comparative method | research method in which one makes systematic comparisons among diff. species in order to gain insights into the function of a particular structure of behavior, or the evolutionary origins of that structure or behavior |
testosterone | principle male sex hormone in mammals |
estrus | in mammals, period in the cycle when the female is sexually receptive (in heat) |
estrogen | female sex hormone that dominates the first half of the female cycle through ovulation |
progesterone | female sex hormone that dominates the latter phrase of female cycle during which the uterine walls thicken to receive the embryo |
human sexual response cycle | sequence of four stages that characterizes the sexual response in both men and women: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution |
tangible support | social support focused on practical or material needs |
emotional support | social support focused on emotional needs |
mastery orientation | learning orientation characterized by a focus on gaining new knowledge or abilities and improving |
performance orientation | learning orientation characterized by a focus on presenting oneself well and appearing intelligent to others |
hierarchy of needs | theory that people will strive to meet their higher-order needs (e.g. love, self-esteem, self-actualization) only when their lower, more basic needs have been met |
self-actualization | according to Abraham Maslow and some other adherents of the humanistic approach to personality, the full realization of one's potential |
pain matrix | distributed network of brain regions, including the thalamus and anterior cingulate cortex, though to respond to many types of pain |
intrinsically rewarding | activity or object that is pursued for its own sake |
extrinsically rewarding | activity or object that is pursued because of rewards that are not an inherent part of the activity or object |
wanting | organism's motivation to obtain a reward |
liking | pleasure that follows receipt of a reward |
nucleus accumbens | dopamine-rich area in the forebrain that is critical in the physiology of reward |
emotions | affective responses (e.g. joy, sadness, pride, anger) which are characterized by loosely linked changes in behavior (how we act), subjective experience (how we feel), and physiology (how our bodies respond). |
moods | affective responses that are typically longer-lasting than emotions, and less likely to have a specific object |
display rules | cultural rules that govern the expression of emotion |
James-Lange theory of emotion | theory that the subjective experience of emotion is the awareness of one's own bodily reactions in the presence of certain arousing stimuli |
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion | theory that a stimulus elicits and emotion by triggering a particular response in the brain (in the thalamus) which then causes both the physiological changes associated with the emotion and the emotional experience itself |
Schachter-Singer theory of emotion | theory that emotional experience results from the interpretation of bodily responses in the context of situational cues |
confederate | someone who appears to be a research participant but actually is part of the research team |
affective neuroscience | field that uses cognitive neuroscience research methods to study emotion and related processes |
emotion regulation | ability to influence one's emotions |
cognitive reappraisal | form of emotion regulation in which an individual changes her emotional response to a situation by altering her interpretation of that situation |
suppression | form of emotion regulation that involves inhibiting emotion-expressive behavior |