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AWR1
| Topic | Description |
|---|---|
| Thesis | Usually appears at the end of the introduction, one sentence(occasionally two) statement of central idea. Thesis will express reasonable answer to a central research question |
| Headings | Help readers follow the organization of a paper. Often follow a standard model: Method, Results, Discussion |
| Facts and statistics | Support generalizations or establish importance of your topic |
| Plagiarism | Failing to cite quotations and borrowed ideas, failing to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and failing to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words |
| Common knowledge | Only exception to citing quotations and borrowed ideas is common knowledge. Information that your readers already know or could easily locate in reference. If you see information repeatedly in reading you don't need to cite it |
| Author-date system | Source in introduced by a signal phrase that includes the last names of the authors followed by the date of publication in parentheses. The material being cited is followed by a page number in parentheses. |
| Summaries and paraphrases | A summary condenses information; a paraphrase reports information in about the same number of words |
| Ellipsis Mark | To condense a quoted passage, you can use the ellipsis mark (three periods, with spaces between) to indicate you have omitted words. What remains must be grammatically complete |
| Brackets | (square parentheses) Allow you to insert your own words into quoted material to explain a confusing reference or to keep a sentence grammatical in your context. |
| Setting off long quotations | When you quote forty or more words, set off the quotation by indenting it one-half inch(five spaces) from the left margin. Long quotations should be introduced by an informative sentence, usually followed by a colon. |
| Signal phrase | Usually names the author of the source and gives the publication date in parentheses. Prepares reader for paraphrase, summary, or direct quotation of another writer. APA requires using past tense or present perfect tense. |
| Integrating statistics and other facts | signal phrase is not necessary |
| In-text citation | Provide at least the author's last name and the date of publication. For direct quotations and some paraphrases, a page number is given as well in parentheses. "(p.5)." |
| In-text citation 2 | If the author is not names in the signal phrase, place author's name, year, page number in parentheses after the quotation. "(Critser, 2003, p.5)." |
| In-text: Two Authors | Name both authors each time you cite work. In parentheses use"&" between author's names; in signal phrase, use "and" |
| In-text: Three to five authors | Identify all authors in the signal phrase or parentheses the first time you cite the source. In subsequent citations, use the first author's name followed by "et al." |
| In-text: Six or more authors | Use the first author's name followed by "et al." |
| In-text: Unknown author | Mention work's title in the signal phrase or give first word or two of title in parenthetical citation. |
| Titles of articles and chapters | Put into quotation marks |
| Titles of books and reports | Are italicized |
| In-Text: Organization as author | Name the organization the first time you cite the source. If name has familiar abbreviation, may include it in brackets the first time cited, use abbreviation in later citations |
| In-text: two or more works in the same parentheses | When parenthetical citation names two or more works, put them in same order they appear in reference list, separated by semicolons |
| In-text: Personal communication | Cited as follows: (F. Johnson, personal communication, October 20, 2004). Do not include in reference list |
| In-text: Electronic Document | When possible, cite electronic document as you would any other document |
| In-text: Unknown date | Use abbreviation "n.d." for "no date" |
| In-text: No page numbers | When electronic document has numbered paragraphs, use the paragraph number preceded by "para." |
| In-text: Indirect source | If source cited in another source, name the original source in signal phrase. List the secondary source in reference list and include it in parenthetical citation by the words "as cited in' |
| Guidelines for listing authors | Alphabetize entries by author's last names; if a work has no author, alphabetize by its title. |
| Reference: Single Author | Begin entry with author's last name, followed by comma and the author's initial(s). Then give date in parentheses. |
| Reference: Multiple authors | List up to seven authors by last names followed by initials. Use "&" before the last author. If more than seven, list first six followed by three ellipsis dots and the last author's name. |
| References: Two or more works by the same author | Use the author's name for all entries. List entries by year, the earliest first. |
| Reference: Article in journal paginated by volume | For journals that continue page numbers throughout year. After italicized title of the journal, give the volume number (also italicized), followed by the page numbers |
| Reference: Article in journal paginated by issue | Each issue begins with page 1. Include issue number in parentheses after the volume number, issue number is not italicized. |
| Reference: Article in a magazine | Give the year, the month, and, for weekly magazines, the day. |
| Reference: Letter to the editor | Follow the appropriate periodical model and insert the words "Letter to the editor" in brackets before the name of the periodical |
| Reference: Book | Begin with the author's name, followed by the date and the book's title. End with the place of publication and the name of the publisher. Use first place and most recent date |
| Reference: Book with an editor | For book with editor and no author, name editor(s) followed by "Ed(s)." in parentheses. For with author, give editor's name after title in parentheses followed by "Ed(s)." |
| Reference: Translation | After title, name the translator followed by the abbreviation "Trans." in parentheses. Add original date of work's publication in parentheses at end of entry. |
| Reference: Edition other than the first | Include the number of the edition in parentheses after the title |
| Reference: Article or chapter in an edited book | After title of article or chapter, write "In" and give the editor's name, followed by "Ed." in parentheses |
| Reference: Multivolume work | Give the number of volumes after the title. (Vols 1-2) |
| Digital object identifier: DOI | Online articles and books sometimes include DOI. Use DOI when available in place of URL |
| Reference: Article from an online periodical | If article has DOI include it at end of the entry. If not, include the journal's home page preceded by "Retrieved from" |
| Reference: Weblog | Give the writer's name, the date of the post, the subject, the label "Web log post" in brackets and the URL |
| Page numbers and running head | Number all pages with arabic numerals including title page. In upper right, type short version of title, capitalizing all words of four letters or more, followed by space and page number |
| Margins, Line Spacing, and Paragraph Indents | Use one inch margins on all sides. Left-align the text. Double space throughout the paper, but single-space footnotes. |
| Long quotations and footnotes | When quotation is longer than forty words, indent it one-half inch from left margin. Double space. Footnote at bottom of page. Double space between last line of text and footnote. Indent first line one-half inch. Begin with super script number |
| Abstract | A 100-150 word paragraph that provides readers with a quick overview. Immediately after title page, center the word Abstract on top of page. |
| Headings | Centered and boldface. Capitalize first words |
| Visuals | Simple. Number label(Table 1) and clear title above visual, single spaced flushed left. Below visual, provide source. |
| References: Indenting entries | Hanging indent: Type first line of an entry flush left and indent any additional lines one-half inch |
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amitaf
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