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Pharmacology Chap 1

Introduction to Pharmacology

QuestionAnswer
Pharmacology The study of drugs
Drugs Chemical substance that produces a change in body function.
Pharacodynamics Study of the action of drugs on living tissue.
Pharmacokinetics Study of the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Pharmacotherapeutics Study of the use of drugs in treating disease.
Pharmacy Science of preparing and dispensing medicines.
Posology Study of the amount of a drug that is required to produce therapeutic effects.
Toxicology Study of the harmful effects of drugs on living tissue.
where do drugs come from? They are chemically synthesized in pharmaceutical laboratories.
Poppy plant (papver somniferum) The plant where the analgesics morphine and codeine are obtained from.
Purple Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) The plant where the heart drug digitalis are obtained from.
Bark of the Cinchona tree The plant where the antimalaral drug quinine is obtained from.
Yew Tree The plant where the anticancer drug Paclitaxel is obtained from.
Pig Living organism where the hormone insulin is obtained from.
Pituitary glands Living organism where the growth hormone is obtained from.
bacteria Living organism where the antibiotics such as cephalosporins and aminoglycosides are obtained from.
How do Drugs produce effects By influencing the function of cells
What are the therapeutic uses of drugs referred to? drug indication, meaning indications for use
What does the term contraindiction refer to? situation or circumstance when a particular drug should not be administered.
What are adverse affects? General term for undesirable and potentially harmful drug effect.
Toxic effects (toxicity) Undesirable drug effect that implies drug poisoning; can be very harmful or life-threatening.
Site of action Location within the body where the drug exerts its therapeutic effect
hypothalamus the site of action of aspirin to reduce fever.
What is a Mechanism of action explains how a drug produces its effects
How do local anesthetic agents product a loss of pain sensation. By interrupting nerve conduction in sensory nerves.
Receptor Sites Chemical structures that a drug attaches itself too.
Drug action The attachment, or binding, of a drug to its receptors that begins a series of cell change.
What are morphine, or opioid receptors? They are the receptors for morphine located in the brain.
What are agonists? Drugs that bind to a receptor and activates a physiologic response or drug action.
What are antagonists(blocking drugs)? Drug that binds to a receptor and inteferes with other drugs or substances from producing a drug effect.
What is Naloxone? a morphine antagonist administered to prevent, or antagonize, the effects of cases of morphine overdoses.
What is uncompetitive antagonism? Occurs when the antagonist drug interferes with the agonist drug action, but not by binding to the same receptor.
Chemical name Name that defines the chemical composition of a drug.
Controlled substance Drug that has the potential for abuse, which is regulated by law.
dose Measurement of the amount of drug that is administered
Drug indications Intended or indicated uses for any drug.
ED50 Median Effective Dose (produces desired effect in 50% percent of population)
Generic name nonproprietary name of a drug.
LD50 Lethal dose 50, or dose that will kill 50 percent of the laboratory animals tested
Nonprescription, over-the-count (OTC) drug Drugs that can be purchased without the services of a physician.
Potency Measurement of the strength, or concentration, of a drug required to produce a specific effect.
prescription drug Drug for which dispensing can only be issued under the direction of a licensed physician.
Therapeutic effect Desired drug effect to alleviate some condition, symptom or disease.
Therapeutic index Ratio of the LD50 to the ED50 in animal studies (it gives an estimate of the relative safety of a drug)
Trade name Patented proprietary name of a drug sold by a specific drug manufacturer; also referred to as the brand name.
Dose-response relationship The response to any drug depends on the amount of drug given.
dose-response curve When the relationship between the dose and the response is plotted as a graph.
maximal response 100% response
Ceiling effect When further increases in dose do not produce any greater effect.
Graded dose-response curve When the increases in drug dosage are plotted against the increases in drug response.
Time-plasma drug concentration curve The relationship of time and the plasma drug concentration
Duration of Action The length of time that a drug continues to produce its effect.
Plasma drug concentration Correlates with the onset, duration, and termination of a drug action.
Onset of action The time from drug administration to the first observable effect
termination of drug action When the plasma drug concentration falls below the therapeutic range.
What two major requirements must a drug fulfill before it is approved by the FDA? Proof of effectiveness and safety.
Therapeutic index(TI) equation is express as? TI= LD50/ED50
Thalidomide Drugs that produce birth defects.
Carcinogens Drugs that promote the growth of cancerous tumors
idiosyncrasy Drug with an unusual or unexpected response.
Drug Allergy Occurs when an individual becomes sensitized to a particular drug
Antigen-antibody reactions Reactions that involve the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from cells known as mast cells.
Inflammatory mediators Produce the characteristic symptoms of allergy, which includes rashes, hives, itching, nasal secretion, hypotension, and brochocontriction.
anaphylaxis Serious allergic reactions, which include severe hypotension, respiratory difficulties, and cardiovascular collapse.
United States Pharmacopeia/National Formulary (USP/NF) Updated every five years The official drug list recognized by the U.S. government.
Physician' Desk Reference (PDR) Updated yearly Reference most widely used by physicians, pharmacists, and nurses for information relating to the use of drugs in the practice of medicine.
Drug Facts and Comparisons (F&C) updated monthly Loose-leaf index and drug information service subscribed to by most medical libraries.
United States Pharmacopeia Dispensing Information (USP DI) Published by the United State Pharmacopeial convention annually.
Volume I Drug Information for the Health Care Professional Provides in-depth information about prescription and over-the-counter medications, and nutritional supplements.
Volume II Advice for the Patient - American Formulatory Service ( Updated Yearly) Provides detailed drug information
Controlled Substances Drugs that have the potential for abuse
Schedule I Drugs with high abuse potential and no accepted medical use. heroin, hallucinogens, marijuana
Schedule II Drugs with high abuse potential and accepted medical use. Morphine and pure codeine, cocaine, amphetamines, short-acting barbiturates(amobarbital, secobarbital), nabilone
Schedule III Drugs with moderate abuse potential and accepted medical use barbiturates, dronabinol, anabolic steroids, preparations containing codeine plus another drug)
Schedule IV Drugs with low abuse potential and accepted medical use. (Phenobarbital, chloral hydrate, zolpidem, Librium, Valium)
Schedule V Drugs with limited abuse potential and accepted medical use. (diphenoxylate, lomotil, codeine)
Created by: Mickensg
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