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PSYC001 Chapter 7
LEARNING. Vocab, Concepts
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| habituation | decline in response to stimulus once the stimulus has become familiar |
| dishabituation | increase in responsiveness when something novel is presented, following a series of something familiar |
| Classical Conditioning | form of learning, one stimulus is /paired/ with another so that the organism learns a /relationship/ between the stimuli |
| unconditioned stimulus (US) [CLASSICAL CONDITIONING] | stimulus that reliably triggers a particular response (UR) without prior training e.g. food in animal's mouth |
| unconditioned response (UR) [CLASSICAL CONDITIONING] | response elicited by unconditioned stimulus without prior training e.g. salivation due to food |
| conditioned stimulus (CS) [CLASSICAL CONDITIONING] | initially neutral stimulus, that comes to elicit a new response (CR) due to pairings with the US e.g. bell, after conditioning, signals food |
| conditioned response (CR) [CLASSICAL CONDITIONING] | response elicited by initially neutral stimulus CS, after it has been repeatedly paired with an US e.g. salivation due to ringing of bell |
| second-order conditioning [CLASSICAL] | form of learning where: 1) neutral stimulus is first made meaningful through classical conditioning 2) that stimulus (now CS) is paired with new, neutral stimulus, until the 2nd stimulus also elicits conditioned response |
| extinction | weakening of a learned response that is produced if a CS is now repeatedly presented without the US |
| spontaneous recovery | reappearance of an extinguished response after a period in which no further conditioning trials have been presented (CS elicits CR again) |
| stimulus generalization | tendency for stimuli similar to those used during learning to elicit a reaction similar to the learned response |
| discrimination | aspect of learning, organism learns to respond differently to stimuli that have been associated with a US (or reinforcement), and stimuli that have not e.g. Loud horn (US) with red light (CS+) vs. no horn (no US) with orange light (CS-) |
| inhibitor | stimulus signaling that an event is not coming, which elicits a response opposite to the one that the event usually elicits |
| contiguity | CS and US arrive close to each other in time |
| contingency | CS provides info about US's arrival, and is the key to classical conditioning |
| blocking effect | result showing that an animal learns nothing about a stimulus if the stimulus provides no new information |
| compensatory response | a response (CR) that offsets the effects of the upcoming US |
| instrumental conditioning | form of learning, participant receives a reinforcer only after performing the desired response, and therby learns a relationship between the response and the reinforcer |
| law of effect [INSTRUMENTAL] | Thorndike's theory that a response followed by a reward will be strengthened, whereas a response followed by no reward (or by punishment) will be weakened |
| operant [INSTRUMENTAL] | In Skinner's system, an instrumental response that is defined by its effect (the way it operates) on the environment |
| reinforcer [INSTRUMENTAL] | a stimulus delivered after a response that makes the response more likely in the future |
| shaping [INSTRUMENTAL] | process of eliciting a desired response by rewarding behaviors that are increasingly similar to that response |
| behavioral contrast | response pattern, in which an organism evaluates a reward relative to other available rewards or those that have been available recently |
| partial reinforcement | learning condition, in which only some of the organism's responses are reinforced |
| schedule of reinforcement | rules about how often and under what conditions a response will be reinforced |
| ratio schedule | pattern of delivering reinforcements only after a certain number of responses |
| interval schedule | pattern of delivering reinforcements only after a certain amount of time has passed |
| latent learning | learning that occurs without a corresponding change in behavior |
| Edward C Tolman | advocate for the idea that learning involves a change in knowledge rather than a change in behavior (latent learning) |
| learned helplessness | condition of passivity, created by exposure to inescapable aversive events. Condition inhibits/prevents learning in later situations in which escape or avoidance is possible |
| observational learning | process of watching how /others/ behave and learning from their example |
| vicarious conditioning | form of learning, where the learner acquires a conditioned response merely by observing another participant being conditioned |
| mirror neurons | neurons that fire whenever an animal performs an action (stretching out its arm or reaching toward a target), and also whenever the animal /watches/ another performing the same action |
| taste aversion learning | form of learning, an organism learns to avoid a taste after just one pairing of that taste with illness (e.g. distaste of vodka because of overindulgence) |
| prepared learning | form of learning, occurs without extensive training because of an evolved predisposition to the behavior (e.g. humans naturally associate aversive outcomes with snakes) |
| presynaptic facilitation | documented in studies of APYLSIA, process that underlies many kinds of learning, occurs when learning results in an increased release of neurotransmitter into the synapse |
| long-term potentiation (LTP) | long-lasting increase in a neuron's response to specific inputs, caused by repeated stimulation |
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