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A&P 2 Lecture Exam 1
Blood, Cardiac, Cardiovascular
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does blood do? | carries oxygen and nutrients; gets rid of carbon dioxide and other wastes |
| What is the temperature of blood? | 38 degrees celsius OR 100.4 degrees fahrenheit |
| What is the composition of blood? | plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets |
| Compared to other fluids, what has the higher concentrations of proteins? | blood plasma |
| percentage of water in plasam | 91.5% |
| percentage of proteins in plasma | 7% |
| percentage of solutes in plasma | 1.5% |
| 3 types of proteins in plasma | albumin, globulins, fibrinogen |
| What does albumin do? | maintain osmotic pressure |
| What does globulin do? | defense |
| What does fibrinogen do? | blood clots |
| 5 kind of white blood cells | NLMEB; Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils |
| What is hemopoiesis? | makes formed elements which includes wbc, rbc and platelets |
| What cells make platelets? | megakaryoblasts |
| How are rbc made? | proertyhroblast makes reticulocyte which releases nucleus and makes rbc |
| What is hematocrit? | measures the percentage of rbc in packed blood |
| What is the primary function of rbc? | transport oxygen with hemoglobin |
| Which part of blood has antigens? | red blood cells |
| Which part of blood has antibodies? | plasma |
| Which blood type is the universal receipient? | AB |
| Which blood type is the universal donor? | O |
| Which blood cell has a nucleus? | white blood cells |
| granular wbc | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| agranular wbc | lymphocytes, monocytes |
| first cells most active in inflammation and response to foreign antigens | macrophages and neutrophils |
| What is emigration? | wbc cross capillary walls |
| Another name for red blood cells | erthrocytes |
| Another name for white blood cells | leukocytes |
| Another name for platelets | thrombocytes |
| What is hemostasis? | stops bleeding from blood vessels |
| What are the 3 mechanisms of hemostasis? | vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting (coagulation) |
| What is necessary to form some clotting factors? | Vitamin K |
| What does prothrombinase do? | starts common pathway of blood clotting |
| What are the different blood types? | A, B, AB, O, Rh |
| Where is the heart located? | mediastinum |
| What are the layers of the heart wall? | epicardium, myocardium, endocardium |
| What does an auricle do? | improves surface area of the atria |
| What is the purpose of sulci? | separation of chambers (ventricles/atria) |
| Blood passes from the right atrium to the | right ventricle |
| Where does blood go after oxygenation? | arteries to the rest of the body |
| What kind of blood is in the pulmonary artery? | deoxygenated |
| Why is the pulmonary artery called an artery? | because it pumps blood away from the heart |
| What is the different between the tricuspid valve and mitral valve? | one has 3 cusps (and is on the right) and one has 2 (and is on the left) |
| Where is coronary circulation? | myocardium |
| What is the order in which the cardiac conduction system works? | SA node, AV node, AV branches, Purkinje fibers |
| How many beats per minute is normal? | 60-100 |
| Which wave of the ECG is atria depolarization? | P wave |
| Which wave of the ECG is ventricle depolarization? | R part of QRS wave |
| Which wave of the ECG is ventricle repolarization? | T wave |
| From P wave to P wave is one | cardiac cycle |
| Nervous system regulation of heart origniates in the cardiovascular center of the | medulla oblongata |
| 3 tissue layers of blood vessels | tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa |
| What causes muscle fibers to regulate blood flow in blood vessels? | vasoconstriction and vasodilation |
| What do elastic arteries do? | conduct blood from the heart to muscular arteries; ex: aorta |
| What do muscular arteries do? | distribute and adjust blood flow; ex: brachial artery |
| Which tissue layer of blood vessels is the muscle layer? | tunica media |
| What is the union of the branches of two or more ateries supplying blood to the same body region? | anastomoses |
| Muscular arteries divide into small arteries which divide into even smaller arteries called | arterioles |
| Microsopic vessels that connect arterioles to venules | capillaries (exchange vessels) |
| releases substances from blood | hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) |
| brings substances into the blood | blood colloid osmotic pressure |
| veins carry blood | toward the heart |
| arteries carry blood | away from the heart |
| blood flows from | higher pressure to lower pressure |
| instrument used to measure blood pressure | sphygmomanometer |
| sounds produced by the rush of blood through blood vessels | Korotkoff sounds |
| ventricular contraction | systole |
| ventricular relaxation | diastole |
| systemic vascular resistance depends on 3 things | size of lumen, blood viscosity, vessel length |
| larger lumen means | less resistance so more blood can move |
| thicker blood means | more resistance so less blood moves through |
| shorter vessel length means | less resistance so more blood moves through |
| What would not increase blood pressure? | parasympathetic nervous system because it inhibits/reduces hormones |
| Which part of the nervous system controls neural and hormonal feedback systems for the cardiovascular system? | autonomic nervous system; sympathetic is stimulation of hormones and parasympathetic inhibits hormones |
| pulmonary circulation includes | heart and lungs only |
| What connects capillaries to capillaries? | hepatic portal circulation |
| What causes the lubb dubb sound in the heart? | AV valve and SL valve closing |
| All veins of systemic circulation drain into | inferior and superior vena cava |
| Where can't you measure pulse rate? | capillaries because not enough pressure |
| Blood moves from the right ventricle to | pulmonary trunk |
| Where are semi-lunar valves found? | pulmonary arteries |
| Cardiac output can be increased by | increasing stroke volume and heart rate |
| Three mechanisms can reduce loss of blood from blood vessels: | Vessels, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting (coagulation) |
| What is the function of platelets | To stop bleeding by forming a plug |
| _ is formed by the tip of the left ventricle | Apex |
| _ is the membrane that surrounds and protects the heart | Pericardium |
| _ is found in the left ventricle | Bicuspid valve |
| RBC's transport | gas exchange |
| Some white blood cells can form: | different cell views |
| Neutraphils | 60-70% |
| Lymphocytes | 20-25% |
| Monocytes | 3-8% |
| Easinophils | 2-4% |
| Basophils | 0.5-1% |
| Blood clot occurs with damage of.. | tissues |
| Globolin protects us from.. | infection |
Created by:
mbrewer86