Blood, Cardiac, Cardiovascular
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| What does blood do? | carries oxygen and nutrients; gets rid of carbon dioxide and other wastes
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| What is the temperature of blood? | 38 degrees celsius OR 100.4 degrees fahrenheit
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| What is the composition of blood? | plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
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| Compared to other fluids, what has the higher concentrations of proteins? | blood plasma
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| percentage of water in plasam | 91.5%
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| percentage of proteins in plasma | 7%
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| percentage of solutes in plasma | 1.5%
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| 3 types of proteins in plasma | albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
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| What does albumin do? | maintain osmotic pressure
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| What does globulin do? | defense
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| What does fibrinogen do? | blood clots
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| 5 kind of white blood cells | NLMEB; Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils
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| What is hemopoiesis? | makes formed elements which includes wbc, rbc and platelets
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| What cells make platelets? | megakaryoblasts
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| How are rbc made? | proertyhroblast makes reticulocyte which releases nucleus and makes rbc
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| What is hematocrit? | measures the percentage of rbc in packed blood
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| What is the primary function of rbc? | transport oxygen with hemoglobin
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| Which part of blood has antigens? | red blood cells
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| Which part of blood has antibodies? | plasma
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| Which blood type is the universal receipient? | AB
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| Which blood type is the universal donor? | O
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| Which blood cell has a nucleus? | white blood cells
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| granular wbc | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
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| agranular wbc | lymphocytes, monocytes
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| first cells most active in inflammation and response to foreign antigens | macrophages and neutrophils
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| What is emigration? | wbc cross capillary walls
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| Another name for red blood cells | erthrocytes
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| Another name for white blood cells | leukocytes
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| Another name for platelets | thrombocytes
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| What is hemostasis? | stops bleeding from blood vessels
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| What are the 3 mechanisms of hemostasis? | vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting (coagulation)
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| What is necessary to form some clotting factors? | Vitamin K
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| What does prothrombinase do? | starts common pathway of blood clotting
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| What are the different blood types? | A, B, AB, O, Rh
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| Where is the heart located? | mediastinum
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| What are the layers of the heart wall? | epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
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| What does an auricle do? | improves surface area of the atria
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| What is the purpose of sulci? | separation of chambers (ventricles/atria)
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| Blood passes from the right atrium to the | right ventricle
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| Where does blood go after oxygenation? | arteries to the rest of the body
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| What kind of blood is in the pulmonary artery? | deoxygenated
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| Why is the pulmonary artery called an artery? | because it pumps blood away from the heart
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| What is the different between the tricuspid valve and mitral valve? | one has 3 cusps (and is on the right) and one has 2 (and is on the left)
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| Where is coronary circulation? | myocardium
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| What is the order in which the cardiac conduction system works? | SA node, AV node, AV branches, Purkinje fibers
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| How many beats per minute is normal? | 60-100
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| Which wave of the ECG is atria depolarization? | P wave
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| Which wave of the ECG is ventricle depolarization? | R part of QRS wave
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| Which wave of the ECG is ventricle repolarization? | T wave
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| From P wave to P wave is one | cardiac cycle
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| Nervous system regulation of heart origniates in the cardiovascular center of the | medulla oblongata
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| 3 tissue layers of blood vessels | tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa
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| What causes muscle fibers to regulate blood flow in blood vessels? | vasoconstriction and vasodilation
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| What do elastic arteries do? | conduct blood from the heart to muscular arteries; ex: aorta
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| What do muscular arteries do? | distribute and adjust blood flow; ex: brachial artery
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| Which tissue layer of blood vessels is the muscle layer? | tunica media
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| What is the union of the branches of two or more ateries supplying blood to the same body region? | anastomoses
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| Muscular arteries divide into small arteries which divide into even smaller arteries called | arterioles
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| Microsopic vessels that connect arterioles to venules | capillaries (exchange vessels)
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| releases substances from blood | hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure)
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| brings substances into the blood | blood colloid osmotic pressure
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| veins carry blood | toward the heart
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| arteries carry blood | away from the heart
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| blood flows from | higher pressure to lower pressure
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| instrument used to measure blood pressure | sphygmomanometer
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| sounds produced by the rush of blood through blood vessels | Korotkoff sounds
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| ventricular contraction | systole
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| ventricular relaxation | diastole
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| systemic vascular resistance depends on 3 things | size of lumen, blood viscosity, vessel length
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| larger lumen means | less resistance so more blood can move
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| thicker blood means | more resistance so less blood moves through
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| shorter vessel length means | less resistance so more blood moves through
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| What would not increase blood pressure? | parasympathetic nervous system because it inhibits/reduces hormones
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| Which part of the nervous system controls neural and hormonal feedback systems for the cardiovascular system? | autonomic nervous system; sympathetic is stimulation of hormones and parasympathetic inhibits hormones
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| pulmonary circulation includes | heart and lungs only
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| What connects capillaries to capillaries? | hepatic portal circulation
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| What causes the lubb dubb sound in the heart? | AV valve and SL valve closing
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| All veins of systemic circulation drain into | inferior and superior vena cava
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| Where can't you measure pulse rate? | capillaries because not enough pressure
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| Blood moves from the right ventricle to | pulmonary trunk
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| Where are semi-lunar valves found? | pulmonary arteries
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| Cardiac output can be increased by | increasing stroke volume and heart rate
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| Three mechanisms can reduce loss of blood from blood vessels: | Vessels, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting (coagulation)
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| What is the function of platelets | To stop bleeding by forming a plug
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| _ is formed by the tip of the left ventricle | Apex
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| _ is the membrane that surrounds and protects the heart | Pericardium
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| _ is found in the left ventricle | Bicuspid valve
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| RBC's transport | gas exchange
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| Some white blood cells can form: | different cell views
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| Neutraphils | 60-70%
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| Lymphocytes | 20-25%
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| Monocytes | 3-8%
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| Easinophils | 2-4%
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| Basophils | 0.5-1%
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| Blood clot occurs with damage of.. | tissues
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| Globolin protects us from.. | infection
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