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Medsci 718
3 how do anaesthetics work
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| describe GABAa Receptors | 5 subunits. 4tmd . both n and c' are on the ec space. |
| where does GABA bind on GABA-R | bewteen the alpha and beta subunits |
| where does BZ bind on gabaR | between the beta and gamma subunits |
| give two examples of gaseous anaesthetics | xenon and nitrous oxide |
| xenon and nitrous oxide affects which receptor | nmda. significantly inhibit nmda receptors. little effect on gaba. (yamakura et harris. 2000). |
| etomidate and propofol (iv anaesthetics) bind to which gaba subnits better | beta2 abd beta 3. a lot better than beta 1. 10x better |
| who experiemnted with beta subunits / etomidate/propofol | franks 2006 |
| what did franks (2006) find about beta subunits | etomidate and propofol worked better in wildtype rats compared to those with beta3 knockouts. |
| describe the nmda receptor | it is voltage gated. Mg needs to be removed first. lets in Ca and Na. |
| whcih study was done by alkire 2000. what did it show | he put people under anaesthesia. used PET for glucose metabolism as an index of neuronal activity. showed that unconscious patients had decreasaed activity. thalamus being one of the major ones. |
| which structures were of importance in the PET study by alkire (2000) | thalamus. very important structure. info relay. occipital cortex. cerebellum, reticular formation. |
| inhalational agents have what effect on thalamocortical neurons | direct hyperpol (alkire 2000) |
| propose three mechanisms for hyperpolarisation of thalamocortical neurons | 1 - direct cellular hyperpol 2-inhibition of excitement (glu, aminergic, cholinergic inhibition from brainstem, basal forebrain - structures that feed to cortex, thalamus, reticular circuit). dampens the signal. 3 - enhance inhibitory circuit : gaba. |
| single spike tonic firing occurs when | when the patient is awake |
| spindle waves are characterised by what | thalamus makes them. when people are asleep. contrasting to when people are awake: single spike tonic firing. disrupt signalling that goes from thalamus to cortex. |
| what are delta waves. how are they formed | deep sleep. formed from thalamus. large lateral connectivity in the brain. the waves are reflecetd by large synchrnous activity between the thalamus and the connecting cortical neurons |
| how is anaesthesia like sleep | decrease responsiveness and arousal. share common pathway. . exhibit the same eeg waves: spindle and delta. |
| difference between sleep and anesthesia n terms of arousal | sleep : can be aroused. |
| GABAergic interneurons have diffeerent subsets characterised by what | their ability to bind various calcium binding proteins and neuroactive peptides |
| normal brain cortical activity is dominated by excitatory neuronal transmission from whch cells | glutamatergic pyramidal cells |
| calretinin-expressing double bouquet cells are what | gabaergic interneuron. often interneuron-interneuron relationship |
| interneuron touches distal pyramidal cell dendrites often contains what | somatostatin. these cells control input/ calcium current |
| interneurons connecting to the promixal axonal part of the pyramidal cells often contain what | parvalbumin. mediate output. |
| gaba beta3 are preferentially located wher ien the brain | interneurons projecting to pyramidal cells |
| gaba beta 2 subunits are preferentially located wher en the brain | interneurons |
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hdan016
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