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PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 1 - The Nature of Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| psychology | the science of behavior and mental processes |
| nativism | the philosophical position that heredity provides individuals with inborn knowledge and abilities |
| rationalism | the philosophical position that true knowledge comes through correct reasoning |
| empiricism | the philosophical position that true knowledge comes through the senses |
| psychophysics | the study of the relationship between the physical characteristics of stimuli and the conscious psychological experiences that are associated with them |
| differential psychology | the field of psychology that studies individual differences in physical, personality, and intellectual characteristics |
| structuralism | the early psychological viewpoint that sought to identify the components of the conscious mind |
| analytic introspection | a research method in which highly trained participants report the contents of their conscious mental experiences |
| functionalism | the early psychological viewpoint that studied how the conscious mind helps the individual adapt to the environment |
| psychoanalysis | the psychological viewpoint that emphasizes the importance of unconscious causes of behavior |
| psychic determinism | the Freudian assumption that all human behavior is influenced by unconscious motives |
| behaviorism | the psychological viewpoint that rejects the study of mental processes in favor of the study of overt behavior |
| Gestalt psychology | the early psychological viewpoint that claimed that we precieve and think about wholes rather than simply combinataions of separate elements |
| phi phenomenon | apparent motion cause by the presentation of different visual stimuli in rapid succession |
| humanistic perspective | the psychological viewpoint that holds that the proper subject matter of psychology is the individual's subjective mental experience of the world |
| phenomenological psychology | a branch of humanistic psychology primarily concerned with the study of subjective mental experience |
| existential psychology | a branch of humanistic psychology that studies how individuals respond to the basic philosophical issues of life, such as death, meaning, freedom, and isolation |
| scientific paradigm | a model that determines the appropriate goals, methods, and subject matter of a science |
| cognitive perspective | the psychological viewpoint that favors the study of how the mind organizes perceptions, processes information, and interprets experiences |
| biopsychological perspective | the psychological viewpoint that stresses the relationship of physiological factors to behavior and mental processes |
| behavioral genetics | the study of the effects of heredity and life experiences on behavior |
| evolutionary psychology | the study of the evolution of behavior through natural selection |
| social-cultural perspective | the psychological viewpoint that favors the scientific study of human behavior in its social-cultural context |
| cross-cultural psychology | an approach that tries to determine the extent to which research findings aobut human psychology hold true across cultures |
| cultural psychology | an approach that studies how cultrual factors affect human behavior an dmental experience |
| ethnic psychology | the field that employs culturally appropriate methods to describe the experience of members of groups that historically have been underrepresented in psychology |
| basic research | research aimed at finding answers to questions out of theoretical interest or intellectual curiosity |
| applied research | research aimed at improving the quality of life and solving practical problems |
| experimental psychology | the field primarily concerned with laboratory research on basic psychological processes, including perception, learning, memory, thinking, language, motivation, and emotion |
| behavioral neuroscience | the field that studies the physiological bases of human and animal behavior and mental processes |
| comparative psychology | the field that studies similarities and differences in the physilogy, behaviors, and abilities of different species of animals, including human beings |
| developmental psychology | the field that studies physical, perecptual, cognitive, and psychosocial changes across the life span |
| personality psychology | the field that focuses on factors accounting for the differences in behavior and enduring personal characteristics among individuals |
| social psychology | the field that studies how the actual, imagined, or implied presence of other people affects one another's thought, feelings, and behaviors |
| clinical psychology | the field that applies psychological principles to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders |
| counseling psychology | the field that applies psychological principles to help individuals deal with problems of daily living, generally less serious ones than those treated by clinical psychologists |
| psychiatry | the field of medicine that diagnoses and treats psychological disorders by using medical or psychological forms of therapy |
| health psychology | the field that applies psychological principles to the prevention and treatment of physical illness |
| industrial / organizational psychology | the field that applies psychological principles to improve productivity in businesses, industries, and government agencies |
| school psychology | the field that applies psychological principles to improve the academic performance and social behavior of students in elementary, middle, and high schools |
| educational psychology | the field that applies psychological priciples to help improve curriculum, teaching methods, and administrative procedures |
| sport psychology | the field that applies psychological principles to help amateur and professional athletes improve their performance |
| forensic psychology | the field that applies psychological principles to improve the legal system, including the work of police and juries |
| environmental psychology | the field that applies psychological principles to help improve the physical environment, including the design of buildings and the reduction of noise |
| peace psychology | the field that applies psychological principles to reducing conflict and maintaining peace |
Created by:
Jessica C
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