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Abnormal Brain
Abnormal Brain _ New School
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Depression_Catecholamine Hypothesis | Reserpine mediated depletion of monoamine neurotransmitters (5HT, NA, DA) in the synapses is often cited as evidence to the theory that depletion of the neurotransmitters causes subsequent depression |
| Depression_Subtypes | Melancholic - less reactivity to pleasurable things, guilt, weight loss Atypical - weight gain, hypersomnia, rejection sensitivity Postpartum - within one month, max 3 months Catatonic - unresponsive SAD - on autumn/winter, at least 2yrs |
| Depression_Prognosis | good: early diagnosis and treatment, low stress, support, socioeconomic status poor: premorbid PD, early onset, psychosis, family history |
| Depression_Course | untreated episodes last 4-6 months late onset = fewer recurrent episodes |
| Major Depressive Episode | 2 weeks of depressed mood AND 4 other symptoms: sleep trouble, weight change, lethargy, feelings of shame/guilt |
| Major Depressive Disorder | presence of single or recurrent MDe |
| Depression_Genetics | more common in 1st degree relatives genetic risk: polygenic = two short aleles for 5HT gene sensitivity to stress |
| Depression_Hormones | Cortisol - decreased by chronic stress causes decrease in cell growth Low Thyroid - fatigue, forgetfulness, weight gain, irritability Decreased Estrogen - reduces NTs |
| Depression_Neurology | Affective depression = left frontal lesion Apathetic depression = basal ganglia lesion |
| Depression_Etiology | Cognition - appraisal of themselves, others, future and life Stress - life events, little social support, divorced or separated, urban environment, living alone |
| Depression_Antidepressants 1 | Tricyclics - derivative of thorazine, block 5HT and NA transporters *constipation, drowsiness, drop in BP, blurry vision (toxic) SSRIs - prevent presynaptic neurons from 5HT reuptake (cannot OD) *insomnia, sweating, reduced sex drive |
| Depression_Antidepressants 2 | MAOIs - prevents breakdown of monoamine NTs *highBP, hypertension, agitation, death = DANGEROUS Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation - causes action potential subgenual cingulated region (emotion, processing), parts of medial frontal cortex *headaches |
| Bipolar Disorder_Course | lifelong, can last weeks or months, peak onset = 15-24yr, typically follow social stress, rapid onset, 4 episodes/10yrs |
| Bipolar_Genetics | 1st degree relatives have increased risk, stronger btwn Mz than Dz twins - adoptees have less of a risk, x chromosome |
| Bipolar_Neurology 1 | Basal Ganglia - attention deficit, visuospatial dysfunction, slowed info processing, increased caudate vol (learning&memory), vol abnormalities in striatum (input) increased RH lesions smaller hipp decreased cerebellum, PFC, and frontal lobe vol |
| Bipolar_Limbic System | repeated stress from environment + reoccurring episodes = limbic system sensitivity --> increase vulnerability to future episodes |
| Bipolar_Catecholamine Hypothesis | too much NE, DA and 5HT - mania can be provoked by meds that increase monoamines |
| Bipolar_Treatment | meds, ECT, psychotherapy Lithium - increases gray matter, increases 5HT and NE, decreases DA and NA |
Created by:
boogershark
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