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L&M Final
Notes for the final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Attribution | Formation of prejudice and stereotypes when viewing things Examples: Picture in paper, where black guy was accused of holding a gun instead of a toy |
| Loftus' Experiments | Looked into misleading questions and using leading words to point toward the desired answer |
| Memory Impairment | Genuine change in memory of an experienced event as a function of some later event |
| The Response Bias Explanation | No memory impairment-subjects use the verb to infer that the cars must have been traveling faster (or slower) than previously remembered. |
| Feedback Effects | Giving feedback after a suspect identification from a lineup or photospread DISTORTS a witness's memories of both the original event and the identification decision. |
| Gary Wells' Studies | False identification study, where participants were given biased feedback which changes their memory of the event. |
| Cognitive interview technique | The teechnique that utilizes the principles of encoding specificity and information retrieval to increase available memory cues and retrieval paths, so that correct information is taken. |
| Implanted Memories | These memories become so real that it is very hard to detect real from implanted in children |
| Variables that may contribute to false memory and judgement errors | memory reconstruction in retrieval, source confusion, use of schemas and scripts, imagination inflation, leading questions, reinforcement, repeated questioning, exposure duration, format of information presentation |
| Flashbulb Memory | A vivid memory of an emotionally important moment or event in one's life; from physiological activation and story-retelling |
| Autobiographic Memory | A more complex and personally significant form of episodic memory, where it is self-viewed as highly accurate, and differs between cultures. |
| Infantile Amnesia | Freudian belief that early, less verbalized childhood experiences fail to enter into the schema of narrated stories about the self. |
| Young adults are superior only on _______________________ ____ tasks that requires self-initiated effortful processing. | free-learning-free recall |
| Alzheimer's Disease | 10% Worldwide of 75 year olds Plaques and tangles accumulate in the brain and kill neurons starts in the hippocampus and spreads to the rest of the brain Breaking encoding to long term memory |
| Tulvig's Five Major Memory Systems | Procedural, Perceptual, Short-Term, Episodic, Semantic |
| Seven Sins of Memory | Transience, Absentmindedness, Blocking, Misattribution, Suggestibility, Bias, Persistence |
| Types of Bias | Consistency Bias-consider present feelings and beliefs as the same as in the past Change Bias-exaggerating intended changes Egocentricity Bias-Self-enhancing bias Hindsight Bias-Adapt memory to fit what we know "I knew it!" Stereotype Bias-categories |
| Medicine Effect | Animals that experience a flavor followed by relief from nausea develop a preference for that flavor |
| Aversion Effect | Opposite of Medicine effect; New tastes are more likley to be associated with illness than old familiar flavors. |
| Susan Mineka's Study | Humans and monkeys learn snake fears much easier than other modern threats. |
| Ancient vs. Modern threats | Snake vs. Burnt Outlet; Participants would overestimate the probability of shock from the snake, whereas the outlet elicits accurate probability judgement. |
| Preparedness Dimension | The ability to learn is influenced by an organism's biological readiness or predispositions and varies from the most prepared to most contra-prepared. |
| Imprinting | An innate tendency of many aquatic birds in which the young follow the first moving object they see. |
| Niche | The ecological position an organism occupies in its natural environment |
| Instinctive Drift | A learned response tends to be distorted by innate tendencies. |
| Candidates of Evolutionary Tasks | Mating, Parental Investment, Foraging, Hunting and Gathering, Detection of predators, Within and between group competition and cooperation, Resource Allocation, Small Group Living, Reading Social Cues, Social exchange, Cheater detection. |
| Darwinian Evolution | Blind variation and selective retention from mutation, crossing over, and genetic drift |
| Natural Selection | NON RANDOM differential survival and reproduction of one genotype versus others, leading to changes in the gene frequencies in a population. |
| Sexual Selection | Increases the frequency of a trait because its bearers are favored by the opposite sex |
| Intrasex Competition | Weapons-large male body size, horns ect-traits such as aggression and violence |
| Intersex Competition | Ornaments-peacock tail ect. Selected because they indicate good genes |
| Peacock's Tail | An example of a compromise of sexual and natural selection |
| Parasite Hypothesis | Genetically diverse offspring from sexual reproduction retards parasites by changing host environment. |
| What do evolutionary psychologists do? | Identify typical risks recurrent in human EEA (environment of evolutionary adaptedness) Search for design features of the I-P that have evolved for coping Examine social and personal factors that activate these psychological mechanisms |
| Hamilton's Rule | C |
| The sex that invests more into the offspring will be _____ discriminating or selective about mating. | MORE |
| The sex that invests _____ in the offspring will be more __________ for sexual access to the high investing sex. | LESS; COMPETITIVE |
| Coolidge Effect | Sex differences in promiscuity |
| Polyandry | one wife and multiple husbands |
| Polygyny | one husband and multiple wives |
| Maternity certainty vs. paternity uncertainty | Maternal aunts and uncles invest more than paternal aunts and uncles |
Created by:
vnolson
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