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Psychology 101 Ch 14
Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What Causes Stress? | Traumatic events, chronic lifestyle conditions, major life changes, and even minor hassles can all cause stress. |
| Stress | A type of emotional response Cognitive appraisal plays a role Leads to individual differences |
| Traumatic Stressors | A situation that threatens one’s physical safety, arousing feelings of feel, horror, or helplessness e.g., sudden life changes |
| Catastrophic Events- | Sudden violent calamities e.g., natural disasters, terrorist attacks |
| Cohen and Ahearn 5 stages natural disaster | Psychic numbness Automatic action Communal effort Letdown Recovery |
| Narratives | Formulate accounts of what happened Stories help explain ourselves to others |
| Trauma in the Media- | news coverage expands the experience Can create second-hand traumatization e.g., perceived greater personal risk and threat |
| Vicarious Traumatization- | Severe stress caused when one is exposed to others’ accounts of trauma |
| Grief | Emotional response to loss Painful complex of feelings Sadness, anger, helplessness, guilt, despair Attempt to make sense of loss Normal process of adapting to major life changes |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder – (PTSD) | delayed stress reaction individual involuntarily re-experiences mental and physical responses that accompanied the trauma e.g., natural disasters, life-threatening accident, witness to a murder |
| Symptoms of PTSD | Distracted Disorganized Memory difficulties Emotionally numb Less likely to feel pleasure Feel alienated by others Trouble sleeping Guilt about surviving Difficulty concentrating |
| Chronic Stressors | Stressful conditions with a gradual onset, lower intensity, and long lasting |
| Social stressors- | Pressures in our social, cultural, and economic environment (e.g., unemployment, racism) |
| Burnout | A syndrome of emotional exhaustion, physical fatigue, and cognitive weariness |
| Chronic Stressors | Major Life Events- e.g., beginning of end of a relationship, new job, starting college Daily Hassles – Situations that cause minor irritation or frustration |
| Social Readjustment Ratings Scale | A psychological rating scale designed to measure stress levels by means of values attached to common life changes |
| How Does Stress Affect Us Physically? | The physical stress response begins with arousal, which stimulates a series of psychological responses that – in short term- are adaptive, but which can turn harmful after prolonged stress |
| Fight-or-flight response – | A sequence of internal processes that prepares the organism for struggle or escape |
| Acute stress | A temporary pattern of arousal caused by a stressor with a clear onset and offset |
| Chronic stress | A continuous state of stressful arousal persisting over time |
| General adaptation syndrome (GAS) – | A pattern of general physical responses that takes essentially the same form in responding to any serious chronic stressor |
| Alarm reaction | the body mobilizes it’s resources to cope with a stressor |
| Resistance | the body seems to adapt to the presence of the stressor |
| Exhaustion | the body depletes it’s resources |
| Tend-and-befriend model | Stress response model proposing that females are biologically predisposed to respond to stress by nurturing and protecting offspring and seeking social support |
| Immune system | bodily organs and responses that protect the body from foreign substances and threats |
| Immunosuppresion | impairment in the function of the immune system |
| Psychoneuroimmunology | Multidisciplinary field that pulls together psychologists, neurologists, and immunologists Interest in mind-body connection |
| Who is Most Vulnerable to Stress? | Personality characteristics impact our individual responses to stressful situations and, consequently, the degree to which we feel exposed to potential stressors |
| Personality and Stress Type A | behavior pattern characterized by intense, angry, competitive, or perfectionistic responses to challenging situations |
| Personality and Stress Type B | behavior pattern characterized by a relaxed, unstressed approach to life |
| Locus of Control | Individual’s expectations about our ability to influence the outcomes in our life. Internals-belief that one has the ability to gain the outcomes desired Externals-factors outside one’s control will determine outcomes |
| Locus of Control Influence on Health | Comparison of internal vs. external Research with seniors varying level of control |
| Learned helplessness – | Pattern of not responding to noxious stimuli after an organism learns that its behavior has no effect |
| Hardiness | Mental quality of resistance to stress, based on a sense of 3 characteristics: challenge, commitment, and control |
| Optimism | See a future of bright possibilities Fewer physical symptoms of illness Recover more quickly from certain disorders Live longer |
| Resilience | Capacity to adapt, achieve well-being, and cope with stress, in spite of serious threats to development |
| How Can We Reduce the Impact of Stress on Our Health? | Healthy coping strategies reduce the impact of stress on our health, and lifestyle choices reduce both our perceived stress and its impact on our health |
| Defending– | reducing the symptoms of stress reducing one’s awareness of stress |
| Coping | taking action to reduce or eliminate cause of stress Problem-focused Emotion-focused coping |
| Emotion-focused coping | Responding to stress by controlling one’s emotional responses |
| Problem-focused coping | Responding to stress by identifying, reducing, and eliminating the stressor |
| Cognitive restructuring | reappraising stressors goal to create a less-stressful perspective seeing a situation in a more positive light cornerstone of cognitive-behavioral therapy |
| Social Comparison | Type of cognitive restructuring Compare oneself to others in similar situation |
| Downward social comparison | Compare to those worse off |
| Upward social comparison | Compare to those better off |
| Positive Emotions | Health inducing Increases longevity |
| Psychological Debriefing | Brief, immediate counseling focused on venting emotions and discussing reactions to the trauma Based on belief it is best to express negative feelings |
| Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) | Group sessions to trauma survivors Few studies to test its effectiveness |
| Social support – | Emotional support, tangible assistance, informational support Resources others provide to help an individual cope with stress Reduces physical and psychological ailments Increases longevity |
| Physical coping strategies include | Exercise Nutrition and diet Using drugs as stress relievers is more of a defense than a coping strategy |
| Subjective well-being (SWB) – | An individual’s evaluative response to his or her life, including cognitive and emotional reactions |
| Behavioral medicine | Medical field specializing in the link between lifestyle and disease |
| Health psychology | Psychological specialty devoted to understanding how people stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond when ill |
Created by:
andreag718
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