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bkx PSY101 T5, KT
PSY-101 Test #5 Key Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychological disorder | deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns |
| Attention-deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) | a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms |
| Medical model | the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital |
| DSM-IV-TR | the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |
| Mood disorders | psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes |
| Major depressive disorder | a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities |
| Anxiety disorders | psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal |
| Panic disorder | an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations |
| Phobia | an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience |
| Post-traumatic growth | positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises |
| Somatoform disorder | psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause |
| Conversion disorder | a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found |
| Mania | a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state |
| Bipolar disorder | a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania |
| Active listening | empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies |
| Unconditional positive regard | a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed to be conducive to developing self-awareness and self-acceptance |
| Behavior therapy | therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors |
| Counterconditioning | a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning |
| Exposure therapies | behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid |
| Systematic desensitization | a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli; commonly used to treat phobias |
| Virtual reality exposure therapy | an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears or phobias |
| Aversive conditioning | a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) |
| Token economy | an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats |
| Cognitive therapy | therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions |
| Cognitive-behavior therapy | a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) |
| Family therapy | therapy that treats the family as a system; views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members |
| Regression toward the mean | the tendency for extremes or unusual scores to fall back (regress) towards their average |
| Meta-analysis | a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies |
| Evidence-based practice | clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences |
| Biomedical therapy | prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient’s nervous system |
| Psychopharmacology | the study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior |
| Antipsychotic drugs | drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder |
| Tardive dyskinesia | involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors |
| Antianxiety drugs | drugs used to control anxiety and agitation |
| Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient |
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