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bkx PSY101 T4, KT
PSY-101 Test #4 Key Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Attachment | an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation |
| Critical period | an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development |
| Imprinting | the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life |
| Basic trust | according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers |
| Self-concept | all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?” |
| Adolescence | the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence |
| Identity | our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles |
| Social identity | the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships |
| Intimacy | in Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood |
| Cross-sectional study | a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another |
| Longitudinal study | research in which the same people are restudied an retested over a long period of time |
| Crystallized intelligence | our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age |
| Fluid intelligence | our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood |
| Social clock | the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement |
| Social psychology | the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |
| Attribution theory | the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition |
| Fundamental attribution error | the tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition |
| Attitude | feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events |
| Central route to persuasion | occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts |
| Peripheral route to persuasion | occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness |
| Foot-in-the-door phenomenon | the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request |
| Role | a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave |
| Cognitive dissonance theory | the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent |
| Normative social influence | influences resulting form a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval |
| Informational social influence | influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality |
| Social facilitation | the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable |
| Social loafing | the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable |
| Deindividuation | the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity |
| Group polarization | the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group |
| Groupthink | the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives |
| Prejudice | an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members; prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action |
| Stereotype | a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people |
| Discrimination | unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members |
| Ingroup | “us” – people with whom we share a common identity |
| Outgroup | “them” – those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup |
| Altruism | unselfish regard for the welfare of others |
| Bystander effect | the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present |
| Social exchange theory | the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs |
| Reciprocity norm | an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them |
| Social-responsibility norm | an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them |
| Psychological disorder | deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns |
| Attention-deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) | a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms |
| Medical model | the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital |
| DSM-IV-TR | the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |
| Mood disorders | psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes |
| Major depressive disorder | a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities |
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