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Rad protection revue
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| penetrating electromagnetic waves emitted from an unstable isotope due to radioactive decay# | gamma radiation |
| fast-moving electrons# | beta - and beta + |
| proton particles have ____ times the ionizing potential of x or gamma ray photons# | 2 |
| when radiation ionizes water molecules (radiolysis) crating hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl free radicals, the results are _____ effects# | indirect |
| when radiation energy directly severs chromosome or other macromolecules causing cell malformation and mutation, the results are _____ effects | direct |
| Are radiation workers concerned with stochastic/nonthreshhold or nonstochastic/threshhold effects?# | stochastic/nonthreshhold |
| unit of equivalent dose of any type of ionizing radiation that produces the same biological effect of 1 rad of radiation# | radiation equivalent man (REM) |
| radiation reports for monitoring badges are given in what units of measurement?# | mRem or mSv |
| average natural background radiation people in united states receive per year# | 300 mRem/yr |
| radiation hazard signs must be posted in any area having radiation exceeding ______ per hour or ______ in 5 consecutive days# | 5 mR, 100 mRem |
| equivalent dose to the reproductive organs that, if received by every human, would be expected to cause and identical gross genetic injury to the total population# | genetic significant dose (GSD) |
| transference of x-ray energy as it passes through matter# | absorption |
| process of decreasing the intensity of the radiation beam as it passes through matter# | attenuation |
| What are the five basic interactions of radiation with matter?# | 1. Classical/unmodified/coherent 2. photoelectric absorption with production of characteristic photon 3. compton interaction with production of modified scatter 4. pair production and annihilation reaction 5. photodisintegration |
| interaction in which photon interacts with entire atom causing electrons to vibrate. scatter of equal energy is emitted# | classical or unmodified scatter |
| interaction in which the incident photon is completely absorbed knocking out an inner shell electron. this electron becomes a photoelectron/characteristic radiation# | photoelectric effect and absorption |
| As atomic number of absorber increases, the probability that a photoelectric interaction will occur ________ significantly# | increases |
| as energy of absorber ___________, probability of a photoelectric interaction decreases significantly# | increases |
| _________ interaction provides the contrast on the film# | photoelectric |
| interaction in which high energy photon is partially absorbed and knocks out outer shell electron. remaining incident photon energy is given off in another direction inn the form of scatter# | compton or modified scatter |
| as atomic number of absorber increases, the probability of a compton interaction _______# | stays the same (it doesn't depend on atomic number |
| as energy of absorber increases, probability of compton interaction ____________ # | decreases |
| skin erythema dose is approx. ________ # | 200 rads |
| dose below which an individual has a negligible chance of sustaining biological damage is called _________# | threshhold dose |
| What are 8 short-term somatic/early/accute effects of radiation?# | nausea, vomiting, fever, erythema, epilation, fatigue, intestinal disorders, blood disorders |
| what are 3 long-term/late/chronic somatic effects?# | cancer, cateracts, embryological effects (birth disorders) |
| _________ effects are effects to future generations. # | genetic |
| 1 rad=_______ gray# | .01 |
| 100 rads=_________ gray# | 1 |
| 1 rem=________ seivert# | .01 |
| 100cgy=_______ rads# | 100 |
| beta is ____ times more ionizing than x-ray# | 0 (it ionizes at the same level) |
| alpha is ___ times more ionizing than x-ray# | 20 |
| neutrons are _____ times more ionizing than x-ray# | around 10 |
| measure of comparable whole body risk between two types of radiation is termed ________ # | effective dose |
| low energy proton is ____ times more ionizing than x-ray# | 2 |
| gamma is ____ times more ionizing than x-ray# | 0 (it ionizes at the same level) |
| organization which makes laws and standards for radiation protection# | NCRP (national council on radiation protection and measurement) |
| organization which enforces laws regarding radiation protection# | NRC (nuclear regulatory commission/dept. of energy) |
| Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968 required what mandates for x-ray equipment?# | PBL, minimal permanent filtration to reduce soft x-rays, exposure reproducibility, manual back-up timer for AEC, pbl for fluoro,mas linearity |
| with ____________ dose,for each minute amt of dose absorbed, an effect is observed# | non-threshhold |
| birth defects from irradiation of the unborn child in utero is known as ______. # | teratogenesis |
| What was the name of the federal legislation which requires the establishing minimal standards for the accreditation of education programs and certification for persons who administer x-ray?# | Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981 |
| What are the two types of dose response curves?# | threshold (nonstochastic or certainty effects) and non-threshold (stochastic or probabilistic) |
| somatic effect from irradiation that exhibits a threshold dose below which the effects do not normally occur and above which the severity of the biological damage increases as the dose increases# | nonstochastic or certainty |
| __________ effects usually result from a large radiation exposure in a short period of time# | nonstochastic/certainty |
| ______ effects usually follow a non-linear/s-shaped dose response curve# | nonstochastic |
| ______ effects are usually seen in radiation therapy, not diagnostic radiology# | nonstochastic |
| What are the early nonstochastic effects of radiation? | leukopenia, epilation, erythema, acute radiation syndrome including GI and CNS complications and blood disorders |
| Leukopenia is what type of effect of radiation?# | early nonstochastic |
| Erythema is what type of effect of radiation?# | early nonstochastic |
| epilation is what type of effect of radiation?# | early nonstochastic |
| accute radiation syndrom is what type of effect of radiation?# | early nonstochastic |
| cataracts are what type of effect of radiation?# | late nonstochastic |
| fibrosis is what type of effect of radiation?# | late nonstochastic |
| necrosis is what type of effect of radiation?# | late nonstochastic |
| sterility and reduced fertility are what type of effects of radiation?# | late nonstochastic |
| atrophy is what type of effect of radiation?# | late nonstochastic |
| smaller doses over longer periods of time are usually the cause of what type of effects of radiation?# | stochastic |
| cancer is what type of effect of radiation?# | stochastic |
| genetic alterations and gestational development problems are what type of effect of radiation?# | stochastic |
| life-span shortening is what type of effect of radiation?# | stochastic |
| current radiation protection philosophy is based on which type of dose response curve?# | non-threshold (stochastic/probability) |
| what is the annual effective (whole body) dose limit for techs and students over the age of 18?# | 5 rem/5000 mRem/50 msv |
| what is the cumulative effective (whole body) dose limit for techs and students over the age of 18?# | 1 rem x age/1000 mrem x age/10 msv x age |
| What is the equivalent dose limit for techs and students over 18 for lens of the eye?# | 15 rem/15000 mrem/150 msv |
| What is the equivalent dose limit for techs and students over 18 for skin, hands and feet?# | 50 rem/50,000 mrem/500 msv |
| What is the annual effective dose limit to the general public with frequent exposure?# | .1 rem/100 mrem/1 msv |
| What is the annual effective dose limit to the general public with infrequent exposure?# | .5 rem/500 mrem/5 msv |
| What is the annual equivalent dose limit to the general public for the lens of the eye?# | 1.5 rem/1500 mrem/15 msv |
| What is the annual equivalent dose limit to the general public for the skin, hands and eyes?# | 5 rem/5000 mrem/50 msv |
| what is the annual effective (whole body) dose limit for students under the age of 18?# | .1 rem (same as general public) |
| What is the 9-month equivalent dose limit for an embryo/fetus?# | .5 rem/500 mrem/5 msv |
| What is the monthly equivalent dose limit for an embryo/fetus?# | .05 rem/50 mrem/.5 msv |
| What is the annual natural background dose?# | .1 rem(?) |
| What are the 5 radiation effects on dna?# | 1. main chain scission, 2. cross-linking 3. point lesion or point mutation 4. rung breakage and separation of bases 5. loss of bases |
| What are the one break radiation effects on chromosomes?# | terminal deletion, inversion, duplication, translocation |
| what are the two break radiation effects on chromosomes?# | dicentric fragment, acentric fragment, ring chromosome |
| refers to large amt of radiation given in short period of time# | acute radiation syndrome |
| what stage of acute radiation sickness occurs within hours of exposure and lasts a couple days; occurs at whole body exposures of 100 rads?# | prodromal syndrome |
| what are the signs of prodromal syndrome?# | nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and leukopenia |
| stage of acute rad. sickness that occurs after prodromal stage, and occurs with doses from 10-10,000 rads?# | latent period |
| which stage of acute radiation sickness occurs with whole body exposures ranging from 200-1000 rads, and mean survival time is 10-60 days?# | hematologic/hemopoietic syndrome |
| what are the signs of hematologic syndrome?# | nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, leukopenia, anemia, hemorrhage, fever, dehydration |
| what stage of acute rad. sickness occurs w/ whole body exposures of 1000-5000 rad, with mean survival of 4-10 days?# | gastrointestinal |
| what are the signs of gastrointestinal syndrome?# | complications from hematologic syndrome, electrolyte imbalance, fatigue, lethargy |
| which stage of acute rad. sickness occurs at 5,000 rads or greater, and has survival time of 0-3 days?# | central nervous syndrome |
| what are the signs of central nervous syndrome?# | ataxia, shock, meningitis, vision difficulty, apnea, seizures, edema, unconsciousness, coma |
| ______ rads can cause temporary sterility for up to 12 months, while _____ rads may cause permanent sterility# | 200; 500-600 |
| ____ risk model predicts that a specific number of cancers will occur as a result of exposure# | absolute |
| _____ risk model predicts that the number of cancers will increase as the natural incidence of cancer increases in the aging population# | relative |
| radiation monitoring of occupational personnel is mandated when workers are likely to receive ____ % or more of the occupation dose limit (5 rem) per year# | 10 |
| occupational workers must wear a monitoring badge when there is a possibility of receiving ______mrem in one week# | 25 |
| name 7 personnel radiation monitoring devices# | film badge, TLD collar badge, OSL dosimeter, TLD ring badge, pocket ionization chamber/dosimeter, personal audible dosimeter, portable air sampler |
| radiation detector used primarily to detect contamination and loss of radioactive sources is known as _____# | gieger-muller counter |
| geiger-muller counter has ____ sensitivity, but _____ specificity in measurement# | high, low |
| most reliable and accurate radiation measurement instrument for x and gamma radiation is called the ________# | condenser r-meter |
| scintillation crystals have ______ sensitivity, and ______ specificity# | high, low |
| skin surface must be _____ cm below the collimator# | 15 |
| anatomical parts measuring over ______ should be radiographed using a grid# | 12 |
| air gap requires a _____ in OID and SID of ____# | 6-10,72 |
| air gap is equivalent to ______ to 1 grid.# | 7 or 8 |
| mobile radiography and c-arm require at least ____ inches between source and patient's skin# | 12 |
| in fluoro, the source to table-top distance must be no less than ____ inches# | 15 |
| at a distance of 1 meter, the scatter radiation in fluoro equals about ____% of the useful beam's intensity# | 10 |
| 1 ma approximates ____ rads of exposure# | 2 |
| in fluoro, typical skin entrance exposure dose is approx. ______ rads/min.# | 3 |
| max. skin entrance dose for fluoro units without ABS is _____ rads per ____# | 5,minute |
| max. skin entrance dose for fluoro units w/ABS is ____ rads per _____# | 10, minute |
| max. table-top exposure rate for normal fluoro is ____ R/min# | 5 |
| max. table-top exposure rate for high-dose fluoro is ____ R/min# | 10 |
| 1 tvl= ____ hvl# | 3.3 |
| what is the inverse square formula?# | intensity 1 over intensity 2=distance 2 squared over distance 1 squared |
| in fluoro, protective lead curtain must have min. of ____ mm lead equivalent# | .25 (.5mm is better) |
| in fluoro, occupational workers must have gloves and aprons with min. of ____mm lead equivalent# | .25 (.5 is recommended) |
| bucky slot cover must have ____mm lead equivalent# | .25 |
| fetal badge reading should be ___% less than collar badge reading# | 10 |
| radiation usage per week for a particular room is called _____# | workload (W) |
| the portion of time that the radiation beam is directed at the primary barrier is called ______.# | use factor (U) |
| exposure must be limited to ____mR/week in controlled areas# | 100 |
| exposure must be limited to ____mR/week in uncontrolled areas# | 10 |
| modification to the primary barrier taking into account the space beyond this barrier and how this space is used is called _______# | occupancy factor (T) |
Created by:
sjb11
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