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X-ray Production
Bushong (9th; Ch 8)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Energy of motion | Kinetic energy |
| Approximately __% of the _______ energy of __________ electrons is converted into heat. | 99; kinetic; projectile |
| ______________ x-rays are emitted when an outer-shell ________ fills and inner-shell ____. | Characteristic; electron; void |
| Only the _-characteristic x-rays of ________ are useful for imaging. | K; tungsten |
| Characteristic ___________ is characteristic of the ______ _______. | x-radiation; target element |
| travel from cathode to anode; constitute the x-ray tube current | Projectile electrons |
| result from electron transitions into the K shell | K x-rays |
| Define Bremsstrahlung | German for "slowed-down radiation" |
| ______________ x-rays are produced when a projectile electron is ______ by the electrical field of a target atom nucleus. | Bremsstrahlung; slowed |
| Formula for kinetic energy | KE = ½ mv² |
| Atomic number of Tungsten | 74 |
| At 100 kVp, ___ of the x-ray beam is ______________ and ___ is ______________. | 15%, characteristic; 85%, Bremsstrahlung |
| Binding energy unit | Kiloelectron volt (keV) |
| Binding energy is also referred to as | Effective energy of x-ray = quality of x-ray beam |
| In the __________ range, most x-rays are ______________ ______. | diagnostic; Bremsstrahlung x-rays |
| Symbol for Tungsten on the periodic table of elements | W |
| Number of electrons on K shell | 2 |
| Binding energy of K-shell | 69 |
| Number of electrons on L shell | 8 |
| Binding energy of L-shell | 12 |
| A ________ ________ contains only specific values; often indicated on a bar graph. | discreet spectrum |
| the range of types of values of any quantity, such as x-rays | spectrum |
| A __________ ________ contains all possible values; indicated by a curve or line graph. | continuous spectrum |
| demonstrates values of x-ray tube output: number of x-rays and x-ray energy. Used to understand how changes in voltage, kVp, mA & added filtration affect image quality. | x-ray emission spectrum |
| ______________ x-rays have precisely fixed (________) energies and form a ________ emission spectrum. | Characteristic; discreet; discreet |
| ______________ x-rays have a range of energies and form a __________ emission spectrum. | Bremsstrahlung; continuous |
| Maximum x-ray ______ is associated with the minimum x-ray __________ (λmin). | energy; wavelength |
| X-ray energy is _________ ____________ to its wavelength; as x-ray wavelength increases, x-ray energy _________. | inversely proportional; decreases |
| a process of calculating the total number of x-rays emitted from an x-ray tube by adding together the number of x-rays emitted at each energy over the entire spectrum. | integration |
| x-ray intensity = | x-ray quantity |
| A change in mA or mAs results in a proportional change in the _________ of the x-ray ________ ________ at all energies. | amplitude; emission spectrum |
| 4 principal factors of the _____ of an x-ray emission spectrum: 1) low-energy produces ___-______ x-rays, 2) low energy= lose energy by ___________ 3) low-energy x-rays: target __________ 4) __________- removes low-energy x-rays | shape 1) low-energy 2) interaction 3) absorption 4) filtration |
| A change in kVp affects both the _________ and the ________ of the x-ray emission ________. | amplitude; position; spectrum |
| A change in kVp has __ ______ on the position of the ________ x-ray emission spectrum. | no effect; discrete |
| In the diagnostic range, a ___ increase in kVp is = to doubling the ___. | 15%; mAs. |
| The result of added __________ is an ________ in the average energy of the x-ray beam with an accompanying _________ in x-ray quantity. | filtration; increase; decrease |
| refers to adding filtration and its effect of the relative increase in average energy of the x-ray beam | hardening |
| Increasing target ______ ______ enhances the __________ of x-ray production and the ______ of characteristic and bremsstrahlung x-rays. | atomic number; efficiency; energy |
| Atomic number of Gold | 79 |
| Atomic number of Molybdenum | 42 |
| Atomic number of Rhodium | 45 |
| Target elements used for mammography | Molybdenum & rhodium |
| Because of reduced ______, operation with _____-phase power or ___ _________ is = to an approximate 12% ________ in kVp, or almost a doubling of mAs over ______-phase power. | ripple; 3; high frequency; increase; single |
| Diagnostic range | 20- 150 kVp |
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GWCCRad12
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