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Urinary Pathologies
Chapter 16 Urinary System and Venipuncture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| regions or areas of subcutaneous swelling caused by an allergic reaction to food or drugs | angioedema |
| complete cessation of urinary secretion by the kidneys; aka anuresis | anuria |
| presence of bacteria in the urine | bacteriuria |
| contraction of the bronchi and bronchiolar muscles, producing restriction of air passages | bronchospasm |
| an agent that increases excretion of urine | diuretic |
| fecal matter in the urine | fecaluria |
| glucose in the urine | glucosuria |
| blood in the urine | hematuria |
| closure of the glottic aperture within the glottic opening of the larynx | laryngospasm |
| brand name for a diuretic | lasix |
| a therapeutic technique that uses sound waves to shatter large kidney stones into small particles that can be passed | lithotripsy |
| the act of voiding or urination | micturation |
| excessive downward movement of the kidney when erect | nephroptosis |
| excretion of a diminished amount of urine in relation to fluid intake, usually defined as less than 400 ml per 24 hours | oliguria |
| presence of gas in the urine, usually as the result of a fistula between the bladder and the intestine | pneumouria |
| passage of a large volume of urine in relation to fluid intake during a given period | polyuria |
| the presence of excessive serum proteins in the urine | proteinuria |
| absence of formation of a kidney | renal agenesis |
| the inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels, or the inability to retain electroloytes under conditions of normal intake | renal failure |
| results from a wide variety of conditions and may require hemodialysis or transplantation | chronic renal failure |
| the inability to void, which may be due to obstruction in the urethra or lack of sensation to urinate | retention |
| an excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acid metabolism | uremia |
| an eruption of hives often caused by hypersensitivity to food or drugs | urticaria |
| an enlargement of the prostate that generally begins in the fifth decade of life. may cause urethral compression and obstruction. | Beningn prostatic hyperplasia |
| stones that form in the urinary bladder. | bladder calculi |
| a tumor that is three times more common in males than females. causes hematuria and frequent urination. | bladder carcinoma |
| structural or chemical imperfections or alterations present at birth. | congenital anomalies |
| involves two ureters and/or the renal pelvis originating from the same kidney | duplication of ureter and renal pelvis |
| describes a normal kidney that fails to ascend into the abdomen but rather remains in t he pelvis. this type of kidney has a shorter than normal ureter. | ectopic kidney |
| occurs as a fusion of the kidneys during development of the fetus. | horseshoe kidney |
| abnormal rotation of the kidney that is evident when the renal pelvis is turned from a medial to an anterior or posterior direction | malrotation |
| an inflammation of the urinary bladder caused by a bacterial or fungal infection. more common in females because of the shorter urethra that more readily permits retrograde passage of bacteria into the bladder. | cystitis |
| inflammation of the capillary loops of the glomeruli of the kidneys | glomerulonephritis |
| disorder marked by cysts scattered throughout one or both kidneys. most common cause of enlarged kidneys. | polycystic kidney disease |
| calcifications that occur in the luminal aspect of the urinary tract | renal calculi |
| large stone that grows and completely fills the renal pelvis, blocking the flow of urine | staghorn calculus |
| most frequent type of malignant tumor of the kidney | renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma) |
| distention of the renal pelvis and calyces of the kidneys that results from some obstruction or the ureters or renal pelvis. | hydronephrosis |
| an inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis caused by pyogenic bacteria. | pyelonephritis |
| increased blood pressure to the kidney through the renal artery due to atherosclerosis. | renal hypertension |
| a fistula that forms between the urinary bladder and rectum or aspects of the colon. | vesicoretal fistula |
| scout demonstrates abnormal calcifications that may be urinary calculi. after injection, the AP projection may demonstrate signs of obstruction, hydronephrosis, tumor, or infection. | AP projection (scout and series): intravenous (excretory) urography |
| nephrogram or nephrotomogram demonstrates conditions and trauma to the renal parenchyma. renal cysts and/or adrenal masses may be demonstrated during this phase of the IVU. | nephrotomogram and nephrogram: intravenous (excretory) urography |
| signs of infection, trauma, and obstruction of the elevated kidney are shown. also demonstrates trauma or obstruction of the downside ureter. | RPO and LPO positions: intravenous (excretory) urography |
| position may demonstrate enlarged prostate (possible BPH) or prolapse of the bladder. the erect position demonstrates nephrotosis (abnormal positional change of kidneys). | AP projection: intravenous (excretory) urography. postvoid |
| pyelonephritis and other conditions involving the collecting system of the kidney are shown. | AP projection: intravenous (excretory) urography. ureteric compression |
| signs of cystitis, obstruction, vesicoureteral reflux, and bladder calculi are visualized. lateral demonstrates possible fistulas between bladder and uterus or rectum. | AP projection. LPO and RPO positions. Lateral position (optinal): cystography |
| functional study of the urinary bladder and urethra determines cause of urinary retention and evaluates for possible vesicoureteral reflux. | RPO (30) position- male. AP projection- female: voiding cystourethrography |
Created by:
T-Dubb
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