Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
AP Psych: S-7
Sensation and Perception
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| transduction | when signals are transformed into neural impulses |
| sensory adaptation | decreasing responsiveness to stimuli due to constant stimulation |
| sensory habituation | our perception of sensations is partially die to how focused we are on them |
| cock tail party phenomenon | ability to attend to only one voice among many |
| what is reflected off objects and gathered by the eye? | light |
| what does color perception depend on? | light intensity light wavelength |
| cornea | protective covering that helps focus the light |
| pupil | the center of the eye that lets light in |
| iris | the muscle surrounding the pupil that controls the size of the pupil |
| lens | focuses the light that enters the pupil |
| retina | the screen on the back of the eye that contains rods and cones |
| what are cones responsible for? | color |
| what do rods respond to? | black and white |
| what do rods outnumber? | cones |
| what contains the highest concentration of cones? | fovea |
| ganglion cells | make up the optic nerve that sends these impulses to a specific region in the thalamus |
| blind spot | where the optic nerve leaves the retina |
| optic chasm | the spot where the optic nerve crosses each other |
| what do feature detectors pick up? | vertical lines, curves, motion, and many other features or images |
| trichromatic theory | we have three types of cones: cones that detect the different colors blue, red, and green |
| opponent-process theory involves what? | color after images and color blindness |
| dichromatic color blindness | the difficulty seeing red and green or of tallow and blue |
| audition | the sense of hearing |
| amplitude | the height of the wave. determines the loudness of the sound |
| frequency | the length of the waves. determines pitch |
| high pitched sounds | have high frequencies and has waves that are densely packed together |
| low pitched sounds | low frequencies. waves are spaced apart |
| pinna | the outer ear |
| auditory canal | ear canal |
| eardrum | tympanic membrane which vibrates as the sound waves hit it |
| occicle bones | hammer (malleus), anvil (incus), and stirrup (stapes) |
| oval window | receives vibrations from the occicle bones and allows them to enter the cochlea |
| cochlea | snail shaped structure filled with fluid |
| ciliea | hair cells that line the cochlea and pick up vibrations |
| Organ of Corti | neurons which are activated by movement of the hair cells |
| what does the movement of cilia create? | transduction via the auditory nerve to the brain |
| Place theory | hair cells in the cochlea respond to different frequencies of sound based on where they are located in the cochlea |
| Frequency theory | we sense pitch because the hair cells fire at different rates in the cochlea |
| conduction deafness | when something goes wrong with the system of conducting sound to the cochlea |
| nerve or sensorineural deafness | when hair cells in the cochlea are damaged |
| when is our sense of touch activated? | when we feel our skin indented, pierced, or experience a change in temperature |
| gate-control theory of pain | some pain messages have higher priority than other |
| what do endorphins do? | shut the "gate" of pain and help control it |
| taste | occurs when chemicals are absorbed by taste buds on the tongue |
| four types of taste | sweet, salty, sour, bitter |
| tightly packed taste buds | improve the intensity of the taste |
| smell (olfaction) | occurs when molecules settle in a mucous membrane |
| olfactory bulb | gathers messages from the olfactory receptor cells and send this information to the brain |
| what does the olfactory bulb connect? | the brain at the amygdala and then to the hippocampus which makes up the limbic system |
| vestibular sense | sense of how our body is oriented |
| what gives us feedback about body orientation? | three semicircular canals |
| kinesthetic sense | sense of position and orientation of specific body parts |
| perception | process of understanding and interpreting sensations |
| absolute threshold | the smallest amount of stimulus we can detect 50% of the time |
| subliminal stimuli | stimuli below our absolute threshold |
| difference threshold | the smallest amount of change needed in a stimulus before we detect a change |
| Weber's law | the change needed is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus |
| what investigates the effects of the distractions and interference we experience while perceiving the world? | signal detection theory |
| false positive | when we think we perceive a stimulus that is not present |
| false negative | when we do not perceive a stimulus that is present |
| top down processing | when we perceive by filling in gaps in what we sense. expectations first then raw senses |
| schemata | mental representations of how we expect the world to be |
| what can schemata create? | a perceptual set which is a predisposition to perceiving something a certain way |
| what is the positive/negative to top down? | faster. more prone to error |
| bottom up processing | we use only the features of the object itself to build a complete perception raw perception then expectation |
| what is the negative/positive to bottom up? | takes longer. more accurate |
| figure ground relationship | what part of the visual image is the figure and what is part of the ground or background |
| what do gestalt rules point out? | that we perceive images as groups |
| proximity | objects closer together are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group |
| similarity | objects that are similar in appearance are more likely to be perceived as being in the same group |
| continuity | objects that form a continuous form are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group |
| closure | objects that make up a recognizable image are likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group |
| constancy | the ability to maintain a constant perception of an object despite changes |
| size constancy | objects closer to our eyes will produce different shapes on our retinas |
| shape constancy | objects viewed from different angles will produce different shapes on our retinas |
| brightness constancy | we perceive objects as being a constant color even as the light reflecting off the object changes |
| stroboscopic effect | images in a series of still pictures presented at a certain speed will appear to be moving |
| Phi phenomenon | series of lightbulbs turned on and off at a particular rate will appear to be one moving light |
| autokinetic effect | if a spot or light is projected steadily onto the same place on a wall of an otherwise dark room and people are asked to stare at it, they will report seeing it more |
| visual cliff experiment | shows when human infants can perceive death. an infant old enough to crawl will not crawl across the visual cliff indicating depth perception |
| Monocular cues | depth perception based on one eye |
| linear perspective | parallel lines come together at a distance |
| relative size cue | objects closer to a person will appear larger than those in the distance |
| interposition cue | an object blocking the view of another will appear to be larger |
| texture gradient | we see details in texture of objects close to us, not far away |
| shadowing | shading part of a picture can imply where the light source is and thus imply depth and position of objects |
| binocular cues | depth perception based on two eyes |
| retinal disparity | each of our eyes sees any object from a slightly different angle. the brain gets both images |
| convergence | as an object gets closer to our face, our eyes must move toward each other to keep focused on the object |
Created by:
elizabethrice2012
Popular Psychology sets