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AP PSYCH: S-6
Learning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is classical conditioning? | learning by associating a neutral stimulus with a natural response |
| What is the unconditioned stimulus? | the original stimulus that elicits a response |
| what is a natural involuntary response? | unconditioned response |
| What is the conditioned stimulus? | the stimulus we learn to respond to |
| What is acquisition? | learning that takes place once the subject responds to the CS without the presentation of the US |
| what is occurring when the CS and US are presented at the same time? | simultaneous conditioning |
| What is occurring when the neutral stimulus is presented, and then following a short break, the US is shown? | trace conditioning |
| what type of conditioning is occurring when a bell is rung and while it is still ringing, dogs are given food? | delayed conditioning |
| What type of conditioning occurs when the US is presented first and is followed by the conditioned stimulus? | backward conditioning |
| what is extinction in regards to classical conditioning? | unlearning a behavior |
| What is spontaneous recovery? | when after a conditioned response is extinguished and no further training has taken place, the response briefly reappears upon presentation of the conditioned stimulus |
| What is the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus? | generalization |
| What is the ability to discriminate between the various stimuli? | discrimination |
| What is aversive conditioning typically used in? | socially constructive ways, such as temporary recovery from alcoholism |
| What is operant conditioning? | learning through rewards and punishments and the association of the consequences of one's behavior |
| What is thorndike's law of effect? | if the consequences of a behavior are pleasant, the stimulus-response connection will be strengthened and the likelihood of behavior will increase |
| What was the Skinner box used for? | animal learning |
| What is reinforcement? | anything that makes behavior more likely to occur |
| What is positive reinforcement? | the addition of something pleasant |
| what is negative reinforcement? | the removal of something unpleasant |
| what does escape learning allow for? | to terminate aversive stimulus |
| what does avoidance learning enable? | to avoid the unpleasant stimulus |
| What is punishment? | anything that makes behavior less likely |
| what is the addition of something unpleasant, such as a spanking? | positive punishment |
| what is the removal of something pleasant, such as removing food when the rat touches a lever? | negative punishment or omission training |
| What does shaping reinforce? | the steps used to reach the desired behavior |
| What rewards a subject for performing a number of responses successively? | chaining |
| What are primary reinforcers? | reinforces that are rewarding, such as food |
| what are secondary reinforcers? | things we have learned to value such as praise |
| what type of reinforcer is money? | general because it can be traded for virtually anything. (token economy) |
| what principle states that whichever of two activities preferred can be used reinforce the activity that is not preferred? | Premack principle |
| What is the rewarding of the behavior every time? | continuous reinforcement |
| What are the types of partial reinforcement? | ratio schedules, interval schedules, fixed schedules, variable schedules |
| What type of schedule reinforces the number of responses made? | ratio |
| what type of schedule reinforces after a specific time has passed? | interval |
| What is a fixed schedule? | constant scheduled reinforcement |
| what are variable schedules? | random reinforcement, always changing |
| What does the contingency model of classical conditioning state? (Pavlovian Model) | that the more times two things are paired, the greater the learning that will take place. |
| What is observational learning? | learning through modeling |
| Who used observational learning to form his social-learning theory? | Bandura |
| What modeling experiment is Bandura famous for? | Bobo doll experiment |
| What is latent learning? | learning that becomes obvious only once a reinforcement is given for demonstrating it |
| What is abstract learning? | learning that involves understanding concepts such as tree or same rather than learning simply to press a bar in order to secure a reward |
| What is insight learning? | learning that occurs when one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem |
Created by:
elizabethrice2012
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