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Jeffers AP Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Accommodation | From Piaget's theory of cognitive development, when a child changes his or her schema ("mental construct") in response to new knowledge or experience |
| Assimilation | In Piagetian theory, it is the incorporating of objects, experiences or information into existing schemas. (ie. All furry animals are called dogs) |
| Agonists | Drugs that mimic a neurotransmitter's effect |
| Antagonists | Drugs that BLOCK normal neurotransmitter functioning |
| Wernicke's Aphasia | An aphasia (the impairment of the ability to communicate) associated with damage to the area of the brain demonstrated by the impairment in understanding speech |
| Broca's Aphasia | An aphasia (the impairment of the ability to communicate) associated with damage to the area of the brain demonstrated by the impairment in producing speech |
| Availability heuristic | estimating the likelihod of an event based on ists availbility in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we assume such events are common (ie: plane crash, winning the lottery) |
| Divergent Thinking | thinking that produces many alternatives from a single starting point; a major element of creativity (i.e. finding multiple uses for a paper clip) |
| Top-down processing | information processing guided by preexisting knowledge or expectations to construct perceptions; concept-driven |
| Bottoms-Up-Processing | data-driven information processing |
| Absolute Threshold | the minimal amount of physical energy (stimulation) needed for an observer to notice a stimulus |
| Just Noticeable difference | the smallest difference in intensity between two stimuli that a person can detect |
| Crystallized Intelligence | People's store of knowledge and skills gained through experience and education that tends to increase over time |
| Fluid intelligence | Aspect of innate intelligence, including reasoning abilities, memory, and speed of information processing-this type of intelligence is independent of education and tends to decline as people age |
| Law of Effect | Thorndike's rule that the probability of an action being repeated is strengthened when it is followed by a pleasant or satisfying consequence |
| Positive Correlation | A correlation where as one variable increases the other also increases or as one decreases so does the other |
| Negative Correlation | A correlation where as one variable increases the other decreases |
| Operational Definition | PRECISE description of how variables in a study will be measured and observed (For example: drug abuse might be defined as "the number of missed work days due to excessive use of addictive substances") |
| Debriefing | informing participants after the research about the purpose of the study; disclosure if any deception has been used |
| replication | repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic findings extends to other participants and circumstances |
| Reaction Formation | A defense mechanism where unacceptable impulses are converted to their opposite (example: treating someone you dislike in an extremely friendly manner) |
| Self-efficacy | Bandura's term for a person's learned expectations of success (One's belief in his or her own ability) |
| Systematic desensitization | A gradual process of extinguishing a learned fear (or phobia) by working through a hierarchy of fear evoking stimuli while staying deeply relaxed |
| temperament | An individual's innate behavioral style and characteristic emotional response |
| TAT | Thematic Aperception Test-a projective test that shows a series of ambiguous black and white pcitures and asks the test taker to create a story related to each |
| MMPI | Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-the most widely used and clinically used personality test |
| Occipital Lobes | Lobes in the back of the brain responsible for vision and visual perception |
| Temporal Lobes | Lobes on each side of the brain above the ears that is responsible for hearing, language comprehension, memory and some emotional control |
| Serial Position effect | Information at the beginning and the end of a list is remembered better than material in the middle |
| Primacy effect | The tendency to remember the first bit of information in a series due to increased rehearsal |
| Procedural memory | Long-term memories for associative processes, generally requiring little conscious or deliberate recall |
| Sympathetic Nervous system | The activating division of the autonomic nervous system that produces an arousal response that helps the organism escape or respond to stress |
| Parasympathetic Nervous system | The division of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for calming the body and conserving energy |
| Dopamine | Neurotransmitter that stimulates the hypothalamus to synthesize hormones and affects alertness, attention, and movement. Lack of this is associated with Parkinson's disease. Too much of this neurotransmitter is associated with schizophrenia |
| Serotonin | Neurotransmitter associated with arousal, sleep, appetite, moods and emotions. Lack of this neurotransmitter is associated with depression. |
| Acetylcholine | Neurotransmitter that causes the contraction of skeletal muscles, helps regulate heart muscles. Lack of this neurotransmitter is associated with Alzheimer's |
| Endorphins | Neurotransmitters similar to the opiate morphine that reduces pain and induces feelings of pleasure |
| Inferential Statistics | Mathematical methods that are used to indicate whether results for a sample are likely to generalize a population |
| Descriptive Statistics | Mathematical procedures that are used to describe and summarize sets of data in meaningful ways |
| operant conditioning | Learning through the consequences of voluntary behavior; also known as instrumental or Skinnerian conditioning |
| Figure Ground | The principle by which we organize the perceptual field into stimuli that stand out (figure) and thos that are left over (ground) |
| Positive reinforcement | Increases behaviors by presenting a positive stimuli, such as food. This is anything that when presented after a response, strengthens the response |
| Negative reinforcement | INCREASES behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. This is anything that, when REMOVED after a response, strengthens that response. (ex: taking an aspirin removes the headache) |
| Punishment | An event that DECREASES the behavior it follows |
| Overjustification Effect | occurs when an external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person's intrinsic motivation to perform a task |
| Spontaneous recovery | Sudden reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response |
| Extinction | Repeatedly presenting the CS without the UCS, which gradually weakens the conditioned response |
| Myelin Sheath | the layer of fatty insulation wrapped around the axon of some neurons, which increases the rate at which the nerve impulse travels along the axon |
| Reticular activating system | area of the brain (including the reticular formation and its connections) responsible for regulating arousal and sleep-wake transitions. |
| Standard Deviation | A statistical formula used to determine the amount of difference expected from one score to the next |
| reliability | A statistical measure of a tests consistency or ability to result in similar scores if give repeatedly |
| Validity | Statistical technique used to determine if a test is actually measuring what it is intended to measure |
| Extrinsic motivation | Motivation based on external rewards or threats of punishment |
| Intrinsic Motivation | Motivation resulting from personal enjoyment of a task or activity |
| Retroactive Interference | When new information interferes with remembering old information |
| Proactive Interference | old information interferes with learning new information |
| Retrograde amnesia | Loss of memory for events BEFORE a brain injury |
| Anterograde Amnesia | Inability to form new memories AFTER a brain injury |
| Introvert | tend to be more reserved, less outgoing, and less sociable |
| Extrovert | tend to be gregarious, assertive, and interested in seeking out excitement |
| Vestibular Sense | a sensory system located in structures of the inner ear that registers the orientation of the head-it gives us our sense of balance |
| Double blind study | a study in which both participants and researchers are blind to the status of the participants |
| Law of proximity | A Gestalt rule of perception that the brain groups objects together that are close to each other |
| Law of similarity | A Gestalt rule of perception which states that the brain groups similar elements within a perceptual field |
| Law of Continuity | A Gestalt rule of perception-once an object appears to move in a particular direction, your brain assumes that the movement continues unchanged. |
| Closure | A Gestalt rule of perception which states that people tend to peceive incomplete figures as complete |
| hypothalamus | Brain structure involved in the regulation of eating, sleeping, sexual activity, movement, etc. |
| thalamus | Brain structure that acts as a relay station for sensory information |
| medulla oblongata (medulla) | an extension of the spinal cord, essential to life, controls vital physiological functions such as heartbeat, circulation, and respiration |
| hippocampus | structure in the limbic system involved in the consolidation and acquisition of new information in memory |
| amygdala | a brain structure associated with the expression of rage, fear and emotional stimulus |
| set point | the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is set. When the body falls beow this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore lost weight |
| Imprinting | innate form of learning within a critical period that involves attachment to the first large moving object seen |
| selective attention | Filtering out and attending only to important sensory messages |
| stimulus generalization | Stimuli similar to the CS elicits a CR |
| stimulus discrimination | Only the Conditioned Stimuli elicits the Conditioned Response |
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Jeffers
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