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AP Psych. S-1
Methods and Biological Bases of Behavior
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When is research considered valid? | When the test measures what it was designed to measure; accurate |
| When is research considered reliable? | When it can be replicated and is consistent in its results. |
| What can the survey method NOT do? | reveal a cause-effect relationship. |
| What is the overall charge of a neuron at resting state? | mostly negative. |
| What is an action potential? | the electric message firing of a neuron. |
| What does the central nervous system include? | brain and spinal cord. all the nerves housed within bone. |
| Hindsight Bias | the tendency upon hearing about research findings to think that they knew it all along |
| What is the goal of scientific research? | predict what will happen in advance |
| applied research | uses clear, practical applications |
| basic research | research that explores areas of interest but are not intended to have immediate, real-world applications |
| hypothesis | expresses relationship between two variables |
| dependent variable | the variable that is changed in response to the manipulation of the independent variable. |
| independent variable | variable that is manipulated |
| theory | explanation of some phenomenon that allows researchers to generate testable hypothesis and test them. |
| operational definitions | The details on how a researcher will conduct his/her research so other researchers can later duplicate the research. |
| sampling | process by which participants are selected |
| sample | group of participants |
| what is the goal in selecting a sample? | that the sample be a representative of a larger population. |
| Random selection | when participants of a sample are selected randomly and had an equal chance of being selected. |
| stratified sampling | all areas of the population are represented in the sample. |
| what is the advantage of laboratory experiments? | control |
| what is the advantage of field experiments? | more realistic because they are conducted in the real world. |
| What does an experiment allow for a researcher? | control for confounding variables |
| confounding variable | variable that can cause any difference between the experimental and control conditions. NOT the independent variable. |
| Random assignment | each participant has an equal chance of being placed into any group |
| what does random assignment limit? | it limits the effect of participant-relevant confounding variables. |
| When do situation-relevant confounding variables occur? | when the experimental group and the control group are placed in different environments |
| experimenter bias | the unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental and control groups differently |
| double-blind procedure | neither the participants nor the researcher are able to affect the outcome of the research due to the fact that both are unaware if a placebo is being given or not |
| response/subject bias | the tendency for subjects to behave in certain ways |
| what is social desirability? | tendency to try to give politically correct answers |
| Hawthorne effect | subjects improve or modify an aspect of their behavior being experimentally measured simply in response to the fact that they are being studied |
| counterbalancing | using participants as their own control group |
| correlation | expresses a relationship between two variables. DOES NOT ascribe cause of relationship |
| positive correlation | presence of one thing predicts the presence of another |
| negative correlation | the presence of one thing predicts the absence of another |
| survey method | people fill out question answer surveys. |
| Naturalistic observation | whereby researchers observe participants in their natural habitats without interacting with them. |
| case study | long term research on one participant or a small group. |
| What is the caveat of a case study? | the findings of a case study cannot be generalized to a larger population |
| descriptive statistics | describe a set of data |
| frequency distribution | summarizing data |
| frequency polygons | line graphs |
| histograms | bar graphs |
| central tendency | attempt to mark the center of a distribution |
| What are the 3 common measures of central tendency? | mean, median, mode |
| measures of variability | attempt to depict the diversity of the distribution |
| 3 measures of variability | range standard deviation-the square root of the variance the variance and the standard deviation relate the average distance of any score in the distribution from the mean |
| normal curve | bell shaped curve |
| What do correlations measure? | the relationship between two variables |
| correlational coefficient | shows the strength of the correlation |
| what do inferential statistics determine? | whether or not findings can be applied to the larger population from which the sample was selected |
| what is the purpose of the institutional review board (IRB)? | reviews research proposals for ethical violations and/or procedural errors |
| What is neuro-anatomy? | the study of the parts and function of neurons |
| neurons | individual nerve cells |
| dendrites | ends of a neuron that pick up information from neighboring cells into the cell body |
| cell body (soma) | contains the nucleus and other parts of the cell needed to sustain life |
| axon | wire-like structure at the end of the cell that transmit electrical impulses |
| myelin sheath | fatty sheath that wraps around the axons and assists in the conduction of impulses |
| terminal buttons | branched end of the axon that contains neurotransmitters |
| neurotransmitters | chemicals that enable the neurons to communicate |
| synapse | tiny gap between two neurons into which a neurotransmitter is released |
| where do neurotransmitters fit? | in the receptor sites on the dendrite. lock and key mechanism |
| All or none principle | a neuron fires completely or it does not fire |
| excitatory neurotransmitters | excite the next cell into firing |
| inhibitory neurotransmitters | stop the next cell from firing |
| acetylcholine | helps with motor movement |
| what is a lack of acetylcholine associated with? | Alzheimers |
| dopamine | motor movement and alertness. |
| What is a lack of dopamine associated with? | Parkinson's disease |
| What is an abundance of dopamine associated with? | Schizophrenia |
| endorphins | substances produced in the body that involve pain relief and positive moods. |
| What is used to help mood control and is associated with depression? | serotonin |
| What type of neurons take info from the senses to the brain? | afferent (sensory) neurons |
| What do interneurons do? | take messages from the brain and spinal cord and send them elsewhere. |
| What does the Central Nervous System control? | brain and spinal cord. all the nerves infused in bone |
| What does the Peripheral Nervous System include? | all the nerves not encased in bone. |
| What two categories is the Peripheral system divided into? | somatic and autonomic |
| What does the Somatic Nervous System control? | voluntary muscle movements |
| What sends impulses to the somatic nervous system? | the motor cortex |
| What controls the automatic functions of the body and response to stress? | The Autonomic nervous system. |
| What are the divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System? | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| what mobilizes are body to stress? | Sympathetic nervous System |
| What does the Sympathetic nervous system do? | slows digestion, accelerates heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. |
| What slows the body down after a response to stress? | parasympathetic nervous system |
| What is lesioning? | the removal or destruction of part of the brain? |
| How can lesioning control mentally ill patients? | frontal lobotomy |
| What does an EEG do? | detects brain waves. |
| What is used in sleep research and why? | EEG. can identify the different stages of sleep and dreaming |
| What is a CAT or CT scan? | a sophisticated x-ray that creates a three dimensional picture of the brain |
| What is the limit of a CAT scan? | It only shows the structure of the brain, not the functions. |
| How does and MRI work? | it uses magnetic fields to measure the density and location of brain material. |
| What is the only thing an MRI can do? | display the structure of the brain. |
| What does a PET scan allow? | lets researchers see the most active areas of the brain during certain tasks |
| What does a PET scan measure? | glucose and other chemicals. |
| What does and fMRI combine? | the MRI and PET scans |
| What does the fMRI do? | it shows details of brain structure with information about blood flow in the brain |
| What does evolutionary psychology organize the brain into? | the old brain and the new brain |
| What is the old brain? | the hindbrain and midbrain |
| What is the new brain? | the forebrain |
| What does the hindbrain consist of? | the medulla, pons, and cerebellum |
| What does the hindbrain control? | the basic biological functions that keep us alive. |
| What is the Medulla (oblongata)? | blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing |
| What does the Pons control? | facial expressions |
| What connects the hindbrain to the midbrain and forebrain? | The Pons |
| What is the cerebellum called? | the little brain |
| What coordinates some habitual muscle movements? | The cerebellum |
| What controls general body arousal and the ability to focus? | the reticular formation |
| What does the midbrain control? | simple movements with sensory info |
| What controls our thought and reason? | The Forebrain |
| What does the Forebrain consist of? | the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and the hippocampus |
| What does the Thalamus recieve? | sensory signals coming up the spinal cord |
| What does the Hypothalamus control? | body temperature, sexual arousal, hunger, thirst, and the endocrine system |
| What structure of the brain is vital to our emotions? | the amygdala |
| What is the hippocampus involved with? | memory. |
| Why is the surface of the cerebral cortex wrinkled? | to increase the available surface area of the brain |
| left hemisphere | gets sensory messages and controls the motor function of the right half of the body |
| right hemisphere | gets sensory messages and controls the motor function of the left half of the body |
| what are the four lobes of the brain | frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital |
| Broca's area | controls the muscles responsible for producing speech |
| what is the role of the frontal lobe? | plays a critical role in thought processes |
| What does the parietal lobe contain? | the sensory cortex |
| What interprets messages from our eyes in our visual cortex? | Occipital cortex |
| What does the Temporal lobes process? | sound |
| What interprets written and broken speech? | Wernicke's area |
| What allows for the brain to make new connections after damage? | plasticity |
| What comprises all the glands and hormones they secrete in the body? | Endocrine system |
| What do the adrenal glands produce? | adrenaline |
Created by:
elizabethrice2012
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