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GEO 103 Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| language family | a group of related languages, with a common origin |
| dialect | variations on a language in terms of vocabulary, pronunciation, speed, and rhythm |
| isogloss | a mapped boundary denoting a difference in word choice |
| isophone | a mapped boundary denoting a difference in word pronunciation |
| lingua franca | an established language used for communication when native tongues are mutually incomprehensible |
| language isolate | a language that is apparently unrelated to any other and therefore not part of any language family |
| toponymy | the study of place names |
| postindustrialism | an economy that has transitioned from traditional agricultural and manufacturing activities to one based on services, with emphasis on information management, advanced technology, finance, and managerial activities |
| globalization | the increasing interconnectedness of all parts of the world as social, cultural, political, and economic processes become international in scale and effect |
| contagion | loss of confidence in the value of local currencies and investments that is due in part to global market forces and threatens to spread to additional countries that have economic links |
| gross national income | total market value of goods and services produced in an economy in a year |
| purchasing power parity | a measure that takes into account what money will buy in each country, based on a fixed basket of goods |
| human development index | measures the overall achievements in a country in three forms: longevity, knowledge, and a decent standard of living |
| gender empowerment measure | accounts for women's proportion of political, professional, and income-earning power in society |
| gross domestic product | total market value of goods and services produced in an economy in a year that occurs within a country's borders |
| state | an independent political unit occupying a defined, permanently populated territory and having full sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs (synonym: country) |
| nation | a culturally distinctive group of people occupying a specific territory and bound together by a sense of unity arising from shared ethnicity, beliefs, and customs (synonym: people) |
| nation-state | a state whose territory is identical to that occupied by a particular ethnic group or nation (Japenese) |
| multinational state | a state that contains more than one nation (U.S., Canada) |
| part-nation state | a single nation that is dispersed across two or more states (Arabs) |
| stateless nation | a people without a state (Kurds) |
| centripetal force | forces that tend to bind or unify a state |
| centrifugal force | forces that challenge the state's authority and threaten to weaken or divide the state |
| gerrymandering | drawing the boundaries of voting districts so as to unfairly favor one political party over another |
| debt-for-nature swap | reduction of debt in developing countries in exchange for preservation of the environment |
| greenhouse effect | heating of the earth's surface due to increased amounts of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane, and CFC's |
| global warming | rise in surface temperatures on earth due to human activites that increase the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere |
| Kyoto Protocol | conference in Kyoto, Japan in 1997 aimed at reducing countries' greenhouse gas emissions |
| thermohaline circulation | movement of ocean waters due to changes in salinity |
| great ocean conveyor | belt of water that winds through world's oceans due to thermohaline circulation; the Gulf Stream is the apparent engine of this conveyor |
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