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Midterm 4 Ch 17 & 18
Physiology 2420
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What type of specialized junction connects epithelial cells lining the renal tubes? | tight junctions |
| Name an element of the micturition reflex? | increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity; decrease in somatic motor neuron activity; activation of stretch receptors |
| Which section of the nephron is the ascending limb of the loop of Henle? | distal convoluted tube |
| Direct control of water excretion of the kidneys is controlled by | anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) |
| Which of these is under voluntary control? urethra, detrusor muscle, internal sphincter, external sphincter | external sphincter |
| According to your textbook, which of the following is not discussed as being used to determine either the GFR or renal blood flow? PAH, inulin, creatinine, plasma | plasma |
| Where are most microvilli found? | proximal convoluted tubule |
| What is the basic functional unit of the kidney? | nephron |
| Which blood vessel conveys blood out of the glomerulus? | efferent arteriole |
| The last part of the nephron is the ______________. | collecting duct |
| Which of the following is usually not found in urine? magnesium, urea, uric acid, glucose | glucose |
| Where are most microvilli found? | proximal convoluted tubule |
| What are some functions of the kidneys? | regulation of plasma ionic concentration, regulation of plasma osmolarity, regulation of plasma volume, regulation of plasma hydrogen concentration |
| The primary function of the kidneys involves regulating the ___________ and the ______________ of plasma and interstitial fluid. | volume; composition |
| Once produced, urine travels though the ____________ until it reaches the bladder, from which it is released into the external environment through the ____________. | ureter; urethra |
| Which of the following is NOT part of the urinary system? kidneys, liver, ureters, urethra, bladder | liver |
| What two structures make up the renal corpuscle? | Bowman's capsule and glomerulus |
| Blood leaves the __________ and enters the glomerulus. | afferent arteriole |
| The juxtaglomerular apparatus describes the unique region of the nephron where __________. | the afferent and efferent arterioles are in contact with the distal tubule |
| What is the process whereby molecules are selectively transported from the peritubular fluid to the lumen of the renal tubules? | secretion |
| What is the process whereby protein-free plasma moves by bulk flow from the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule? | glomerular filtration |
| Which of the following pressures across the glomerular capillaries approaches zero? | Bowman's capsule oncotic pressure |
| Which of the following conditions would increase glomerular filtration pressure? | increase protein in Bowman's space |
| The diffusion of water across a tubule is driven by differences in ___________ across the membrane. | osmolarity |
| Name two functions of the kidneys. | regulate plasma, osmolarity, volume |
| Name one of the four Starling forces in the renal corpuscle that factor into glomerular filtration pressure | Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure, Bowman’s capsule osmotic pressure, Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure, Glomerular osmotic pressure. |
| Name one of three exchange processes that occur within the renal nephrons | Filtration, secretion, reabsorption |
| Name two reasons reabsorption in the distal tubule is regulated and reabsorption in the proximal tubule is considered nonregulated. | Brush border, leaky tight junctions, more mitochondria |
| If you wanted to calculate the GFR in a patient, what is one substance you could detect in the urine in order to determine this? | Inulin, creatinine |
| Describe how tubuloglomerular feedback acts to control the GFR | Macula densa cells detect a change in flow of tubular fluid past them and secrete a paracrine that trigger contraction or relaxation of the afferent arteriole which changes the GFR in a direction opposite that of the original change |
| Reabsorptionb is the movement of filtered solutes and water from ___________ to the plasma | tubules (renal tubules -> peritubular capillaries) |
| At a certain point during bladder filling, the internal pressure within the bladder becomes strong enough to activate what kind of receptors in the bladder wall? | stretch receptors |
| Name one muscle in the urinary bladder that must relax in order for micturition to occur. | Internal urethral sphincter, external urethral sphincter |
| Reabsorption mostly takes place in the proximal tubule. What are two reasons reabsorption mostly occurs in this area as opposed to other places such as the distal tubule. | Brush border, leaky tight junctions, more mitochondria |
| Which two components of the nephron make up the renal corpuscle? | glomerulus, Bowman's capsule |
| Describe how myogenic regulation acts to control the GFR | Increased flow stretches smooth muscle which then causes constriction |
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