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Psychology 2000 Fina
Final Exam Material
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| free association | in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconsious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarassing |
| psychoanalysis | Freud's theory of personality that attributes throughs and actions to unconscious motive and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions |
| unconscious | according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable throughts, wishes, feelings and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware |
| id | contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and agressive drives; operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification |
| ego | the largely conscious "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego and reality; operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure |
| superego | the part of personality, that according to Freud, represent internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscious) and for future aspirations |
| psychosexual stages | the childhood stages of development during which the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus of distinct erogenous zones |
| Oedipus Complex | according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father |
| Identification | the process by which according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos |
| fixation | according for Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were resolved |
| defense mechanisms | in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
| repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from consciousness |
| regression | psychoanalytic defense mechanism in whcih an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage where some psychic energy remains fixated |
| reaction formation | psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which ego unconsiously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings |
| projection | psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others |
| rationalization | defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions |
| displacement | psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or agressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger towards a safer outlet |
| denial | defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities |
| collective unconscious | Carl Jun's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our specie's history |
| projective test | a personality test such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics |
| Thematic Apperception Test | a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes |
| Rorschach Test | the ost widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots |
| terror-management theory | a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death |
| self-actualization | according to Maslow; one of the ultimate psychological needs that arise after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential |
| unconditional positive regard | according to Roger's, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person |
| self-concept | all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question "who am I?" |
| trait | a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports |
| personality inventory | a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits |
| empirically derived test | a test as developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups |
| social-cognitive perspective | views behavior as influence by the interaction between people's traits and their social context |
| reciprocal determinism | the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition and environment |
| personal control | the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless |
| external locus of control | the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate |
| internal locus of control | the perception that you control your own fate |
| learned helplessness | the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events |
| positive psychology | the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover the promote strengths virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive |
| self | in contemporary psychology assumed to be the center of personality; the organized of our thoughts feelings and actions |
| spotlight effect | overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders |
| self-esteem | one's feelings of high or low self worth |
| self-serving bias | a readiness to perceive oneself favorably |
| psychological disorder | deviant, distressful and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings or behaviors |
| medical model | the concept that diseases, in this case, psychological disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated and in most cases cured often through treatment in a hospital |
| DSM-IV-TR | the American Psychiatric Associations's Diagnostic and Situational Manual of Mental Disorders |
| anxiety disorders | psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety |
| generalized anxiety disorders | an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal |
| panic disorder | an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking or other frightening sensations |
| phobia | an anxiety disorder marked by a persistant, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and or actions |
| post-traumatic stress disorder | an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience |
| post-traumatic growth | positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises |
| dissociative disorders | disorder in which conscious awareness becomes separated from pervious memories, thoughts or feelings |
| dissociative identity disorder | a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities |
| personality disorders | psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning |
| antisocial personality disorder | a personality disorder in which the person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist |
| somatoform disorder | psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause |
| conversion disorder | a rare somatoform disorder in which a person can experience very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found |
| hyochondriasis | a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease |
| mood disorders | psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes |
| major depressive disorder | a mood disorder in which a person experiences in the absence of drugs or a medical condition two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings or worthlessness and diminished intrest or please in most activities |
| mania | a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive wildly optimistic state |
| biopolar disorder | a mood disorder in which the person alternate between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania |
| schizophrenia | a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions and inappropriate emotions and actions |
| delusions | false beliefs often of persecution or grandeur that may accompany psychotic disorders |
| psychotherapy | treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth |
| elective approach | an approach to psychotherapy that depending on the clients problems uses techniques from various forms of therapy |
| psychoanalysis | Freud's technique of interpreting dreams |
| resistance | in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material |
| interpretation | in psychoanalysis, the analyst's nothing supposed dream meanings, resistances and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight |
| transference | in psychoanalysis, the patients transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships |
| psychodynamic therapy | therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences and that seeks to enhance self insight |
| insight therapies | a variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and denses |
| client-centered therapy | a humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine accepting emphatic environment to facilitate clients' growth |
| active listening | empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies |
| unconditional positive regard | a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude which Carl Rogers believed to be conducive to developing self-awareness and self-acceptance |
| behavior therapy | therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors |
| counterconditioning | a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors |
| exposure therapies | behavioral techniques such as systematize desensitizing that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid |
| systematic desensitization | a type of exposure therapy that associated a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggered stimuli |
| virtual reality exposure therapy | an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears such as airplane flying, spiders or public speaking |
| aversive conditioning | a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior |
| token economy | an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some form for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for various privileges or treats |
| cognitive therapy | therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions |
| cognitive-behavior therapy | a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy |
| family therapy | therapy that treats the family as a system |
| psychotherapy | treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth |
| meta-analysis | a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies |
| evidence-based practice | clinical decision making that integrate the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences |
| biomedical therapy | prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system |
| psychopharmacology | the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior |
| antipsychotic drugs | drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorders |
| tardive dyskinesia | involuntary movements of facial muscles, tongue and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors |
| anti-anxiety drugs | drugs used to control anxiety and agitation |
| antidepressant drugs | drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety; different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters |
| electroconvulsive therapy | a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current os sent through the parin of an anesthetized patient |
| repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation | the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity |
| psychosurgery | surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior |
| lobotomy | a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients; procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal loves to the emotion-controlling center of the inner brain |
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