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pharmacy definitions
definitions of pharmacology terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| with chemicals, combining simpler chemicals into more complex compounds, creating a new chemical not found in nature as a result. | sythentic |
| the study of drugs-thier properties, uses, application, and effects | pharmacology |
| an authoritative listing of drugs and issues related to thier use | pharmacopeia |
| of or about drugs; also a drug product | pharmaceutical |
| a cure-all | panacea |
| generally pharmacology but also refers to the drugs in use | materia medica |
| a substance that acts against a toxin in the body; also, a vaccine containing antitoxins, used to fight disease | antitoxin |
| a substance which harms or kills microorganisms like bacteria and fungi | antibiotic |
| chemicals produced by the body that regulate body functions and processes | hormones |
| the complete set of generic material contained in a human cell | human genome |
| being qualified and capable | competent |
| an inactive substance given in place of a medication | placebo |
| having to do with the treatment of children | pediatric |
| drug products that contain identical amounts of the same active ingredients in the same dosage form | pharmaceutical equivalent |
| pharmaceutical equivalents that produce the same effects in patients | therapeutic equivalent |
| an unintended side effect of a medication that is negative or in some way injurious to a patients health | adverse effect |
| a court order preventing a specific action, such as distribution of a potientially dangerous drug | injunction |
| the action taken to remove a drug from the market and have it returned to the manufacturer | recall |
| the blood pressure as the heart is pumping blood into the cardiovascular system | systolic phase |
| the blood pressure after the heart has completed a pumping stroke | diastolic phase |
| a system of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream | endocrine system |
| the organs from the mouth to the anus, the GI tract is a portion of the ____ | alimentary tract |
| the body covering, i.e., skin, hair, and nails. | integumentary system |
| the functional unit of the nervous system | neuron |
| the rigid portion of the bone tissue | osseous tissue |
| the part of the lungs where gases are exchanged between blood and air | alveoli |
| the functional unit of the kidney responsible for removing wastes from the blood and producing urine | nephron |
| the membrane that transmits sound waves to the inner ear | tympanic membrane |
| the tube that connects the middle ear to the throat | eustachian tube |
| the eyelid lining | conjunctiva |
| the gland that produces tears for eyes | lacrimal gland |
| the inner lining of the eye that translates light into nerve impulses | retina |
| a written, verbal, or electronic order from a practitioner for the preparation and administration of a drug or device | prescription |
| the on demand preparation of a drug product of according to a physicians prescription, formula, or recipe | extemporaneous compounding |
| when the drug activity is at the site of administration | local effect |
| when a drug is introduced into the venous (circulatory) system and carried to the site of activity | systemic affect |
| the breaking apart of a tablet into smaller pieces | disintegration |
| when the smaller pieces of a disintegrated tablet dissolve in solution | dissolution |
| the property of a substance being able to dissolve in water | water soluble |
| under the tongue | sublingual |
| pouch between the teeth and cheek in the mouth | buccal |
| painful swollen veins in the anal/rectal area, generally caused by strained bowel movements from hard stools | hemorrhoid |
| a sterile condition is one which is free of all microorganisms, both harmful and harmless | sterile |
| ingredientsin a formulation designed to control the pH | buffer system |
| increase in cell death | necrosis |
| water based | aqueous |
| the ease with which a suspension can be drawn from a container into a syringe | syringeability |
| a solvent that dissolves a freeze-dried powder or dilutes a solution | diluent |
| the ease of flow when a suspension is injected into patient | injectability |
| the thickness of a liquid, a measure of a liquids resistence to flow | viscosity |
| a raised blister-like area on the skin caused by an intradermal injection | wheal |
| not irritating; does not promote infection or abscess | biocompatibility |
| related to the eye | ophthalmic |
| the gland that produces tears for the ey | lacrimal gland |
| the tear ducts | lacrimal canalicula |
| the eyelid lining | conjunctiva |
| drug transfer into eye | transcorneal transport |
| the cellular lining of nose | nasal mucosa |
| a device which contains a drug that is vaporised by inhalation | nasal inhaler |
| the cavity behind the nose and above the roof of the mouth that filters air and moves mucous and inhaled contaminants outward and away from the lungs | nasal cavity |
| techniques or methods that maintain the sterile condition of products | aseptic techniques |
| chemicals produced by microorganisms that can cause pyretic(fever) reactions in patients | pyrogens |
| a characteristic of a solutioin determined by the number of dissolved particles in it | osmotic pressure |
| when a solution has an osmolarity equivalent to that of blood | isotonic |
| when a solution has a greater osmolarity than that of blood | hypertonic |
| when a solution has a lesser osmolarity than that of blood | hypotonic |
| a drug that is added to a parenteral solution | additive |
| the resulting solution when a drug is added to a parenteral solution | admixture |
| freeze-dried | lyophilized |
| a solvent that dissolves a lyophilized powder or dilutes a solution | diluent |
| complex solutions with two base solutions (amino acids and dextrose) and additional micro-nutrients | total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solution |
| a TPN solution that contains intravenous fat emulsion | total nutrient admixture (TNA) solution |
| a solution placed in and emptied from the peritoneal cavity to remove toxic substances | peritoneal dialysis solution |
| large volume splash solutioins used during surgical or urologic procedures to bathe and moisten body tissues | irrigation solution |
| the action in which a drug in a higher concentration solution passes through a permeable membrane to lower concentration solution | osmosis |
| movement of particles in a solution through permeable membranes | dialysis |
| a high efficiency particulate air filter | HEPA filter |
| continuous movement at a uniform rate in one direction | laminar flow |
| a laminar flow hood where the air crosses the work area in a vertical direction | vertical flow hood |
| when a needle damages the rubber closure of a parenteral container causing fragments of the closure to fall into the container and contaminates its contents | coring |
| sealed glass containers with an elongated neck that must be snapped of | ampules |
| a filter that can filter solutions being drawn into or expelled from a syringe, but not both ways in the same procedure | depth filter |
| a filter that filters a solution as the solution is expelled from the syringe | membrane filter |
| a filter placed immediatly before a solution enters a patients vein | final filter |
| the rate (in ml/hour or ml/minute) atwhich the solution is administered to the patient | flow rate |
| flexible rubber tubing near the needle adapter on an administration set; used to determine if the needle is properly placed in the veins | flashball |
| small volume solutions connected to an LVP | piggybacks |
| an adaministration device used when a primary LVP solution is not available | heparin lock |
| the sum of teh atomic weights of a molecule | molecular weights |
| water molecules that attach to drug molecules | waters of hydration |
| water without molecules | anhydrous |
| molecular particles | ions |
| a drug's molecular weight divided by its valance, a common measure of electrolyte concentration | equivalent weight |
| the number of positive or negative charges on an ion | valence |
| formulas and procedures (i.e. recipes) for what should happen when a formulation is compounded | formulations record |
| a record of what actually happened when the formulation was compounded | compounding record |
| a portion of a mmixture | aliquot |
| to set, mark, or check the graduations of a measuring device | calibrate |
| the amount of weight that will move the balance pointer one division mark on the marker plate | sensitivity |
| the process of grinding powders to reduce particle size | trituration |
| a technique for mixing two powders of unequal quantity | geometric dilution |
| mixing powders with a spatula | spatulation |
| triturating a powder drug with a solvent in which it is insoluble to reduce its particle size | levigation |
| exposure to high frequency sound waves | sonication |
| electrolytes used i the preparation of suspensions to form particles that can be easily redispersed | flocculating agent |
| an ingredient used in the preparation of suspensions to increase the viscosity of the liquid | thickening agent |
| cannot be mixed | immiscible |
| a stabilizing agent in emulsions | emulsifier |
| an emulsion in which water is dispersed through an oil base | water-in-oil emulsion |
| an emulsion in which oil is dispersed through water based | oil-in-water emulsion |
| a stabilizing agent for water-based dispersed mediums | hydrophilic emulsifier |
| a stabilizing agent for oil based dispersion mediums | lipophilic emulsifier |
| the initial emulsion to which ingredients are added to create the final product | primary emulsion |
| a wet, slimy liquid formed as an initial step in the wet gum method | mucilage |
| capable of being mixed together | miscible |
| a method of making suppositories in which the ingredients are compressed in a mold | compression molding |
| a suppository preparation method in which the active ingredients are dispersed or dissolved in a melted suppository base | fusion molding |
| a method for filling capsules by repeatedly pushing or "punching" the capsule into an amount of drug powder | punch method |
| protective coverings for fingers | finger cots |
| the location where an administered drug produces an effect | site of action |
| a cellular material located at the site of action that interacts with the drug | receptor |
| the characteristic of a drug that makes its action specific to certain receptors and tissues | selective (action) |
| drugs that activate receptors to accelerate | agonists |
| drugs that bind with receptors but do nto activate them, they block receptor action by preventing other drugs or substances from activating them | antagonists |
| the study of the factors associated with drug products and physiological processes, and the resulting systemic concentrations of drugs | biopharmaceutics |
| the blood concentration needed for a drug to produce response | minimum effective concentration (MEC) |
| the time MEC is reached and the response occurs | onset of action |
| a drug's blood concentration range between its MEC and MTC | therapeutic window |
| the upper limit of the therapeutic window, drug concentrations above the MTC increase the risk of undesired effects | minimum toxic concentration (MTC) |
| the time duuring concentration is above the MEC | duration of action |
| a term sometimes used to refer to all of the ADME processes together | disposition |
| the processes of metabolism and excretion | elimination |
| the movement of drugs from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration | passive diffusion |
| fat-like substance | lipoidal |
| water repelling; cannot associate with water | hydrophobic |
| capable of associating with or associating water | hydrophilic |
| the movement of drugs from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration cellular energy is required | active transport |
| the movement of a drug from the dosage formulation to the blood | absorbtion |
| the time a drug will stay in the stomach before it is emptied into the small intestine | gastric emptying time |
| the attachment of a drug molecule to a plasma or tissue protein, effectively making the drug inactive, but also keeping it within the body | protein binding |
| when a different molecules associate or attach to each other | complexation |
| the substance resulting from the body's transformation of an admministered drug | metabolite |
| a complex protein that catalyzes chemical reactions | enzyme |
| the increase in hepatic enzyme activity that results in greater metabolism of drugs | enzyme induction |
| the decrease in hepatic enzyme activity that results in reduced metabolism of drugs | enzyme inhibition |
| the transfer of drugs and thier metabolites from the liver to the bile in the gallbladder, then into the intestine, and then back into circulation | enterohepatic cycling |
| the substantial degradation of an orally administered drug caused by enzyme metabolism in the liver before the drug reaches the systemic circulation | first-pass metabolism |
| the functional | nephron |
| the blood filtering process of the nephron | glomerular filtration |
| the relative amount of an administered dose that reaches the general circulation and the rate at which this occurs | bioavailability |
| the comparison of bioavailability between two dosage forms | bioequivalency |
| drug products that contains identical amounts of the same active ingredient in the same dosage form | pharmeceutical equivalent |
| drug products that containthe same active ingredient, but not neccessarily in the same salt form, amount, or dosage form | pharmaceutical alternative |
| pharmeceutical equivalents that produce the same effects in patients | therapeutic equivalent |
| an obstruction of the bile duct that causes hepatic waste products and bile to accumulate in the liver | obstructive jaundice |
| a condition in which thyroid hormone secrettions are below normal, often referred to as an underactive thyroid | hypothyroidism |
| a condition in which thyroid hormone secretions are above normal, often referred to as an overactive thyroid | hyperthyroidism |
| an unintended side effect of a medication that is negative or in some way injurious to a patients health | adverse drug reaction |
| an abnormal sensitivity generally resulting in an allergic reaction | hypersensitivity |
| a potentially fatal hypersensitivity reaction producing severe respiratory distress and cardiovascular collapse | anaphylactic shock |
| an unexpected reaction the first time a drug is taken, generally due to genetic causes | idiosyncracy |
| the ability of a substance to cause cancer | carcinogenicity |
| when two different molecules associate or attach to each other | complexation |
| a drug that is bound to a plasma protein is removed when another drug of greater binding potential binds to the same protein | displacement |
| the decrease in heepatic enzyme activity that results in reduced metabolism of drugs | enzyme inhibition |
| the increase in hepatic enzyme activity that results in greater metabolism of drugs | enzyme induction |
| a drug that antagonizes the toxic effect of anoher | antidote |
| when elements of ingested nutrients interact with a drug and this affects the disposition of the drug | drug-diet interactions |
| original reports of clinical and other types of research projects and studies | primary literature |
| general reference works based upon primary literature sources | secondary literature |
| condensed works based on primary literature, such as textbooks, monographs, etc. | tertiary literature |
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