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Psych 2000 Test 4
Test Four Material
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| motivation | a need or desire that energizes and direct behavior |
| instinct | a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned |
| drive-reduction theory | the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need |
| homeostasis | a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level |
| incentive | a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior |
| hierarchy of needs | Maslow's pyramid of humans needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that much first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and the psychological needs become active |
| glucose | the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissue. When the level is low, we feel hunger |
| set point | the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls before this weight an increase in hunger and lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight |
| basal metabolic rate | the body's resting rate of energy expenditure |
| anorexia nervosa | an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly underweight yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve |
| bulimia nervosa | an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting or excessive exercise |
| binge-eating disorder | significant binge-eating episodes followed by distress, disgust, or guilt but without the compensatory purging, fasting or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa |
| sexual response cycle | the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson-excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution |
| refractory period | a resting period after orgasm, during with a man cannot achieve another orgasm |
| sexual disorder | a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning |
| estrogens | sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing for female sex characteristics. |
| testosterone | the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it but extra in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organ in the fetus and the development of male characteristics during puberty |
| sexual orientation | an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex or the other sex |
| emotion | a response of the whole organism involving physiological arousal, expressive behavior and conscious experience |
| James-Lange Theory | the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli |
| Cannon-Bard theory | the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion |
| two-factor theory | the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion, one much be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal |
| catharsis | emotional release. In psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing: aggressive energy relives agressive urges |
| feel-good, do-good phenomenon | people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood |
| subjective well-being | self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objetive well-being to evaluate people's quality of life |
| adaptation-level phenomenon | our tendency to form judgements relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experiences |
| relative deprivation | the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself |
| behavioral medicine | an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease |
| health psychology | a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine |
| stress | the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging |
| general adaptation syndrome | Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases- alarm, resistance and exhaustion |
| coronary heart disease | the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscles; the leading cause of death in many developed countries |
| Type A | Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally agressive and anger prone people |
| Type B | Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people |
| psychophysiological illness | literally, "mind-body: illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches |
| psychoneuroimmunology | the study of how psychological, neural and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health |
| lymphocytes | the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system |
| coping | alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive or behavioral methods |
| problem-focused coping | attempting to alleviate stress directly-by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor |
| emotion-focused coping | attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction |
| aerobic exercise | sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also reduce stress, depression and anxiety |
| biofeedback | a system for electronically recording, amplifying and feeing back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension |
| complementary and alternative medicine | as yet unproven health care treatments intended to supplement or seve as alternative to conventional medicine, and which typically are not widely taught in medical schools, used in hospitals or reimbursed by insurance companies |
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