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RT Lab Norms
lab norms and what they mean.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Na+ Sodium | 135-145 meq/L |
| what causes clinical increases in Na+ | Cushing syndrome, hyperadrenocorticism, excessive intake, decrease H20 ( dehydration) hyperpnea, diabetes, diuretics, cardiac failure. |
| What are signs and symptoms of increased Na+ | thirst, viscous mucous, dry rough tongue |
| What causes clinical decrease in Na+ | adrenal insufficiency, alkli, burns, diuretics, dehydration, trauma, If you have increase in Body H20 Na+ decreases from decreased renal output, artificial hyperglycemia, CHF, cirhoisis, innapropriate ADH, renal insufficiency. |
| What are signs and symptoms of decrease in Na+ | Increased heart rate, Increased blood pressure, cold clammy skin, apprehension, convulsions. |
| What is Na+ | Major extracellular cation comprises majority of osmotically active solute, greatly affects distribution of body water. |
| K+ | 3.5+5.0 mEq/L |
| What is K+ | Major intracellular cation, maintains, intracellular osmolality, affects muscle contraction, plays role in nerve impulses, enzyme action, and cell membrane function. |
| What causes increases in K+ | Excessive administration, Shift from the cells- Acidosis(metabolic), infection, sucinylcholine, trauma, decreased urine output. |
| What are signs and symptoms of increased K+ | Arrythmias, muscle weakness |
| What causes decrease in K+ | Shift INTO cells- Alkalosis, GI loss- anorexia, diarrhea,ng suctioning, vomiting. Increased urine output- cushings syndrome, diabetic ketoacidosis causes the shift as a compensatory mechanism. |
| What are signs and symptoms of Decreased K+ | arrythmias, muscle weakness |
| Cl- | 95-105 mEq/L |
| What is Cl- | Principle extracellular anion, important in acid base balance. |
| What causes increase in Cl- | Cardiac decompensation, renal insufficiency, salt intake. |
| What causes decreases in Cl- | COPD, Cushings syndrome, dehydration, diabetic ketoacidosis, diuretics, fever, meatabolic acidosis, pneumonia. |
| Po4 | 1.4--2.7 MEq/L |
| What is the P04 | major intracellular anion |
| What causes increase in the Po4 | Renal insufficiency |
| What causes decrease in the Po4 | Diabetic ketoacidosis. |
| Ca++ | 4.5-5.8 |
| What is Ca++ | Essential anion for bones, teeth, mucoproteins. Role in cell membrane, muscle contraction and coagulation. |
| What causes increases in Ca++ | Acidosis, adrenal insufficiency, diuretics, ( Thiazide) imobilization, sarcoidosis, tumors. |
| Symptoms of increased Ca++ | Increased HR. |
| What causes decreased Ca++ | Alkalosis, diarrhea, hypoproteinemia, osteomalacia, renal insufficiency, steroid therapy, vitamin D deficiency. |
| Mg++ | 1.3-2.5 mEq/L |
| What is Mg++ | Intracellular cation, important in ATP function, acetylcholine release at the N-M junction. |
| What causes an increase in Mg++ | Antacid ingestion, parathyroidectomy, renal insufficiency. |
| What causes a decrease in Mg++ | Chornic alcoholism, diabetic acidosis, diarrhea, NG Sx, severe renal disease. |
| RBCs | Males= 4.6- 6.2 million/UL Females= 4.2- 5.4 million/UL |
| What is the clinical significance of RBC's | Number of cells available to carry O2/Co2 |
| What causes an increase in RBC's | 1: Polythycemia 2: polythycemia from chronic hypoxemia, severe diarrhea and dehydration. |
| What causes a decrease in RBC's | Anemia, Leukemia, hemorrhage followed by restored blood volume. |
| What is Hgb | grams of hemoglobin in 100 ml of whole blood. |
| what causes increase in Hgb | Polycythemia, CHF, COPD, deyhdration, high altitudes. |
| What causes a decrease in Hgb | Acute blood loss, anemias, increased fluid intake, pregnancy. |
| Hematocrit ( Hct) | Males= 39-55% Females= 36-48% |
| What is Hematocrit ( Hct) | % of blood volume occupied by RBC's |
| What causes an increase in Hematocrit (Hct) | COPD, dehydration, erythrocytosis, shock. |
| What causes a decrease in Hematocrit (Hct) | Acute blood loss, anemia's, increase fluid intake, pregnancy. |
| WBCs | 5,000- 10,000/UL SI= 5-10x10to the 9th/L |
| What is the significance of WBC's | Blood cells which fight infection. |
| What causes increase in WBC's | Leukocytosis: acute infection, post surgery, trauma. Bacterial infection, neoplasm, epinephrine, steroids, chronic infection, viral infection ( hepatitis, mono) TB. |
| What causes a decrease in WBC's | Leukopenia: Cancer therapy, overwhelmed or suppressed immune system, CHF, HIV< renal failure. |
| Neutrophils | 40-75% |
| Neutrophil Segs | Immature |
| Neutrophil Bands | mature cells. |
| Lymphocytes T-B cells | 20-45% |
| Monocytes | 2-10% |
| Eosinophils | 1-6% |
| Eosinophils and basophils are elevated in? | Allergy/Collagen. Asthma |
| Basophils | 0-1% |
| Platelets | 150,000-400,000/UL |
| What is the significance of Platelets? | Blood constituent for clotting. |
| What causes an increase in Platelets | COPD, high altitude, inflammation, malignancy, PE, TB, trauma, many drugs. |
| What causes a decrease in Platelets | Acute leukemia, anemias, bleeding, lupus. |
| Anion Gap | 7-16 mEq/L |
| Anion Gap | Na+ - (Cl- + HCo3) |
| What causes increase in the Anion Gap | Keto or lactic acidosis,, salicylate, or ethylene glycol poison, dehydration. |
| Creatine Kinase ( CPK) | Male 38-174 U/L Female 26-140 U/L |
| What is the significance of Creatine Kinase (CPK) | Enzyme in the heart, skeletal muscle. |
| What causes increases in Creatine Kinase (CPK) | MI, muscle disease, severe exercise, polymyositis. |
| What causes decreases in Creatine Kinase (CPK) | Relative cardiac enzyme levels in blood following myocardial infarction, so a couple days after infarct they drop! |
| Creatine phoso-kinase MB band (CPK- MB) (CK-MB) | SPecific CK isoenzyme for the heart muscle. Normal is 0-6% |
| What causes an increase in Creatine Phoso-kinase | Acute MI, severe angina, cardica surgery, cardiac ischemia, mycarditis, hypokalemia, cardiac defib. |
| Creatinine | 0.6-1.5 mg/dl |
| What is the significance of Creatinine | By product of muscle metabolism. |
| What causes Creatinine to increase | Nephritis, renal insufficiency, urinary tract obstruction, (indicator of kidney function) |
| What causes Creatinine to decrease | Debilitation |
| glucose | 60-110 mg/dl Blood sugar |
| What causes an increase in Glucose | Diabetes mellitus, infections, stress, steroids, trauma, uremia. |
| What causes a decrease in Glucose | Adrenal insufficiency. Insulin |
| Protein | 6-8 gm/dl |
| What is the clinical significance of Protein | Blood proteins affecting colloidal pressure, |
| What causes an increase in Proteins | Dehydration, shock |
| What causes a decrease in protein. | Hemorrhage, liver disease, leukemia, malnutrition, nephrosis, neoplastic disease. |
| Lactic Acid | 5-20 mg/dl |
| What is the clinical significance of Lactic Acid | By product of aerobic metabolism. |
| What causes increase in Lactic Acid. | Hypoxia, CHF, Increased muscle activity, hemorrhage, shock. |
| Theophylline | 10-20 mg/dl |
| What is the clinical significance of Theophylline. | Relaxes smooth muscle of bronchi and pulmonary blood vessels. |
| What causes increases in Theophylline. | Abdominal discomfort, anorexia, dysrhythmias, nausea, vomiting, nervousness, irritability, tachycardia. |
| what causes a decrease in Theophylline. | Smoking and phenytoin (Dilantin) shortens half-life. |
| Urea Nitrogen (BUN) | 8-25 mg/dl |
| What is the significance of the Urea Nitrogen (BUN) | End product of protein metabolism. |
| What causes an increase in Urea Nitrogen (BUN) | Adrenal or renal insufficiency, CHF, dehydration, decreased renal flow, N2 metabolism, GI bleed, shock, urine obstruction. |
| What causes a decrease in Urea Nitrogen (BUN) | Hepatic failure, low protein diet, nephroiss, pregnancy. |
| Urine output! | Males= 900-1800 ml/day Femals= 600-1600 ml/day |
| What is normal urine output an hour | about 66 ml an hour. |
| What is the clinical significance of Urine out put. | Urine output may change the acid base balance. |
| What causes an increase in Urine output. | Diuretics, diabetes, insipidus, excessive intake. |
| What causes a decrease in Urine output | Dehydration, hypovolemia, injury, kidney dysfunction, shock. |
| Urine pH | 4-5-8.0 |
| What causes an increase in Urine pH | >7= bacterial infection in tract, metabolic alkalosis, a decrease in K+, vegetarian diet. |
| what causes a decrease in Urine pH | <6= metabolic acidosis, protein diet. |
| Mucoid Sputum | Clear, thin, frothy |
| What Clinical presentation exhibits Mucoid Sputum | Asthma, Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer, Mycoplasma pneumonia, pulmonary edema, TB, Viral pneumonia. |
| Purulent Sputum | Yellow or green, thick, viscid, offensive odor, (pus) |
| What Clinical presentation exhibits Purulent sputum | Brochiectisis, Lung abscess, Pneumococcal pneumonia, pseudomonas pneumonia, staphlococcal pneumonia, TB |
| Mucopurlent SPutum. | Both mucoid and purulent. |
| What Clinical presentation exhibits Mucupurlent sputum | Asthma, chronic bronchitis, Cystic fibrosis, emphysema, Lung Abscess, Lung cancer, Pseudomonas pneumonia, TB |
| Hemoptysis Sputum | Bright red, Frothy blood |
| What clinical presentation exhibits Hemoptysis sputum | Bronchietasis, Lung cancer, Neoplasm, Pulmonary Infarct, TB |
| Currant Jelly Sputum | Blood clots |
| what clinical presentation exhibits Currant Jelly sputum. | Lung cancer, neoplasm. |
| Rusty Sputum. | Mucopurulent with red tinge. |
| What clinical presentation exhibits Rusty sputum. | Bronchiectasis, Neoplasm, pneumococcal pneumonia. |
| Prune Juice Sputum | Dark brown, mucopurulent with red tinge. |
| What clinical presentation Exhibits Prune Juice sputum. | Klebsiella pneumonia, pneumococcal pneumonia |
| What clinical presentation exhibits Blood streaked sputum. | pneumococcal and pseudomonas pneumonias. |
| What clinical presentation exhibits Pink Frothy sputum | Pulmonary edema. |
Created by:
BeckyR73
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