Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
The Solar System
Planets
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mercury | inner most planet, no atmosphere; smallest of inner planets, slightly larger than our moon; 0.4 AU from sun; highly cratered |
| Venus | morning and evening star, atmosphere of CO2; day longer than its year; exhibits phases. |
| Earth | 1 AU from sun; one moon; atmosphere mostly N2 and O2 |
| Mars | white polar caps of frozen CO2 with canyons, plateaus, and inactive volcanoes; red planet, two satellites - Deimos and Phosbos |
| Jupiter | largest of all planets, Galilean moons - Io, Calisto, Ganymede; great red spot is from a hurricane lasting over 300 years; comet Shoemaker-Levy hit it in 1994 |
| Saturn | greater than 60 bright and dark rings, least dense of planets; moon Titan |
| Uranus | atmosphere of H2, He, and CH4; 19 AU from sun; 15 satellites |
| Neptune | year = 165 Earth years, atmosphere of H2, He, and methane; outtermost planet - 30 AU from sun |
| My Very Earthy Mother Just Served Us Nachos | mnemonic for memorizing the order of the planets from closest to the sun to farthest from the sun |
| Pluto | booted out of the solar system on August 24, 2006. Now considered a "dwarf planet" |
| Asteroid belt | lies between Mars and Jupiter, contains thousands of asteroids |
| Asteroids | small rocky bodies |
| Oort Cloud | cloud of icy, dusty aggregates further out than Pluto where comets are thought to orginate |
| Meteoroids | remnants of comets and asteroids |
| Meteor | streak of light and smoke in the sky when a meteroid burns in the atmosphere |
| Nebula | diffuse mass of interstellar clouds of hydrogen gas or dust that may develop into a star |
| Protostar | accumulation of gases that will become a star. Forms when atoms of a nebula get close enough for gravitational attraction to cause them to condense |
| Main Sequence Stars | normal, mature stars that use their nuclear fuel at a steady rate |
| Red Giant Stars | bright, low temperature, giant stars |
| White Dwarf Stars | small, dense, white-hot stars |
| Cepheid variables | stars with regular variation in brightness |
| Nova | star that flares up, increasing in brightness for a short time |
| Supernova | violent explosion that spreads the outer layer of a massive star into space |
| Nuclear fusion | nuclear reaction where less massive nuclei come together to form more massive muclei with the production of energy. This occurs in stars including our sun |
| Uranium | eventually decays to lead. |
| Gamma particle | short wavelength electromagnetic radiation, stopped by 5 cm lead. |
| Beta particle | high energy electron, stopped by 1 cm aluminum. |
| Alpha particle | helium nucleus, stopped by paper. |
| Radioactivity | spontaneous emission of particles or energy from an atomic nucleus as it disintegrates. |
| Neutralization | reaction of an acid and a base produces water and salt. |
| Acid | produces the hydronium (H3O+) in water. |
| Base | produces the hydroxide (OH-) in water. |
| Electrolytes | ionic substances such as salts that conduct electricity when dissolved in water. |
| Detergents are effective because | they have a nonpolar end that dissolves fats and a polar end that can dissolve in water. |
| Water is a polar substance because the oxygen pulls more tightly on the shared electrons than hydrogens (O is more electronegative than H). | This gives the oxygen part of the molecule a partial negative charge and the hydrogens a partial positive charge. Polar substances can be dissolved in water Remember: Like dissolves like. |
| combination reaction | Combination reaction== X + Y--> XY, 2Na + Cl2 -->2NaCl |
| decompostion reaction | decomposition reaction== XY --> X + Y, 2H2O2 --> 2H2O + O2 |
| replacement reaction | replacement reaction== XY + Z --> XZ + Y, 2Na + 2H2O --> 2NaOH + H2 |
| ion exchange | ion exchange== XY + AZ --> XZ + AY, HCl + NaOH --> NaCl + H2O |
| Balance a simple equation: | CH4 + 2O2 --> CO2 + 2H2O |
| Triple Bond | three pairs of electrons are shared |
| Double Bonds | two pairs of electrons are shared |
| Single Bonds | one pair of electrons are shared |
| Ionic Bonds | electrons are transferred |
| Covalent Bonds | share electrons |
| Physical Change | a change involving phase of matter only. (Ex: boiling, freezing, melting, evaporating, going into a solution) |
| Chemical Change | a change involving the formation of a new substance. (Ex: burning sugar, burning wood, mixing sodium and chlorine and getting salt, mixing hydrogen and oxygen and getting water) |
| electrons | negatively charged particles, with negligible mass. |
| neutrons | neutrally charged particles |
| protons | positively charged particles |
| Nucleus | tiny, massive, positively charged, center of an atom. |
| Polarization | passing light through a substance so only the wavelengths traveling in the plane get through. |
| Virtual Image | cannot be focused on a screen. (mirror) |
| Real Image | can be focused on a screen. (eyeglasses – retina is screen, movie) |
| Convex Mirror | shaped like the back of a spoon. (security mirror, (convenience store), side view mirror on an auto) |
| Concave Mirror | shaped like the bowl of a spoon. (make-up mirror) |
| Transformer | device that is used to increase or decrease voltage. |
| Generator | device that uses mechanical energy (running water, gasoline) to produce electrical energy. |
| Resistance | reduces or opposes a current. (Ex: toaster, light bulb) |
| Direct Current (dc) | electric field moves in one direction. (Ex: battery) |
| Alternating Current (ac) | electric field drifts back and forth. (Ex: household current) |
| Induction | if you put a negatively charged comb next to a piece of paper but not touching it, the negative charge of the com chases the electrons to the far side of the paper which becomes positively charged and attracted to the comb. |
| Contact | touching one charged object to another. Electrons flow from one to the other. |
| Friction | while combing your hair, the plastic comb rubs off electrons from your hair and the comb become negatively charged. Your hair become positively charged and repels the surrounding hair. |
| The Doppler Effect | accounts for the fact that as a car approaches you its horn seems to increase in pitch and decreases in pitch as it moves away from you. |
| Destructive Interference | the crest of one wave meets with the trough of another wave and they cancel each other out. (Out of phase) |
| Constructive Interference | two crests arrive at the same time or two troughs arrive at the same time. (In phase) |
| Refraction | bending of a wave as it goes from one medium to another. |
| Reflection | when a wave bounces off a boundary. |
| Loudness of a sound | is determined by amplitude. |
| Pitch of a sound | is determined by frequency. |
| Transverse Wave | light, water wave |
| Longitudinal Wave | sound, compressed slinky |
| Heat | is always transferred from a warmer object to a cooler one. |
| Coldness | is never transferred. |
| Radiation | transfer of heat energy by radiant energy. |
| Convection | transfer of heat energy by the movement through gases (water, air) |
| Conduction | transfer of heat energy by touching. |
| Heat can be transferred by | conduction, convection, or radiation. |
| Law of Conservation of Energy | Energy is neither created nor destroyed. Energy can be changed from one form to another but the total amount of energy in the universe is constant. |
| Kinetic Energy | Energy of motion (an object moving) |
| Potential Energy | Energy of position (book on a shelf, compressed spring, chemical bonds) |
| Power is measured | in watts. |
| Power is the | rate at which work is done. (P=W/t) |
| Work is | measured in Joules. |
| Am I doing work on a book if: | I lift it? Yes (fore and movement parallel). I walk with it? No (force and movement perpendicular) |
| Work | magnitude of the applied force multiplied by the parallel distance through which the force acts. (W=Fd) |
| Newton’s Law of Gravitation | Every object is attracted to every other object. Gravity increases with mass and decreases with distance. |
| If the string breaks, | where will the ball go? |
| Centripetal force | force required to pull an object out of its natural straight-line path and into a circular path. Ex: swing a ball in a circle when it is attached to a string. |
| Weight | measure of the force of gravity acting on an object. (w=mg) |
| Force is measured in | Newtons in the SI system; measured in pounds in the English system. |
| Newton’s Third Law of Motion | When two object interact, the force exerted on one object is equal in size and opposite in direction of the force exerted on the other object. |
| Newton’s Second Law of Motion | Acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force applied and indirectly proportional to the mass of the object. (F=ma) Ex: three people can push a stalled car faster than one person can. |
| Newton’s First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia) | Every object retains its state of rest or of uniform straight-line motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. (An object stays at rest or in motion unless acted upon by a net force). Ex: car wreck with no seat belt. |
| Horizontal projectile | an object thrown horizontally has an initial velocity in the horizontal direction from the throw and is accelerated downward by gravity as it travels. |
| Vertical projectile | an object thrown straight up and given an initial velocity. |
| Freefall | when an object falls toward the earth due to the force of gravity only, neglecting air resistance. |
| Acceleration | rate at which motion changes over time. (∆ V/t). |
| Velocity | describes both speed and direction. |
| Speed | rate at which the distance is covered. (distance/time). |
| Control | used for comparative purposes. |
| Constant | kept the same throughout the experiment. (not changed). |
| Dependent variable (responding variable) | variable that responds to the change in the independent variable. It is placed on the y-axis. |
| Independent variable (manipulated variable) | variable changed by the experimenter. It is placed on the x-axis. |
| Hypothesis | a tentative explanation (educated guess). |
| Density | equals mass/volume. |
| Physical Science | is the study of chemistry, astronomy, physics, and earth science. |
Created by:
secretary382002
Popular Physical Science sets