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Physical Science
Stack #60360
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Physical Science | the study of chemistry, astronomy, physics, and earth science |
| Density | = mass/volume |
| Hypothesis | a tentative explanation (educated guess) |
| Independent variable (manipulated variable) | variable changed by the experimenter. It is placed on the x-axis |
| Dependent variable (responding variable) | variable that responds to the change in the independent variable. It is placed on the y-axis |
| Constant | kept the same throughout the experiment. Does not change. |
| Control | used for comparative purposes. |
| experiements | an experiment was performed to determine the effect of length ona pendulum. For each length, the period was determined. The amplitude and the mass were kept the same in each experiment. The results were as follows: Length Period |
| Independent variable | length of string |
| Dependent variable | period |
| Constants | amplitude and mass |
| Speed | rate at which the distance is covered. (distance/time). |
| Velocity | describes both speed and direction. |
| Acceleration | rate at which motion changes over time. (∆ V/t). |
| Freefall | when an object falls toward the earth due to the force of gravity only, neglecting air resistance. |
| Vertical projectile | an object thrown straight up and given an initial velocity. |
| Horizontal projectile | an object thrown horizontally has an initial velocity in the horizontal direction from the throw and is accelerated downward by gravity as it travels. |
| Newton’s First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia) | Every object retains its state of rest or of uniform straight-line motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. (An object stays at rest or in motion unless acted upon by a net force). Ex: car wreck with no seat belt. |
| Newton’s Second Law of Motion | Acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force applied and indirectly proportional to the mass of the object. (F=ma) Ex: three people can push a stalled car faster than one person can. |
| Newton’s Third Law of Motion | When two objects interact,the force exerted on one object is equal size and opposite direction of force exerted on other object.Ex:when you pull upward and carry a bucket full of water, the bucket pulls down on your hand with the same amount of force |
| Force | measured in Newtons in the SI system; measured in pounds in the English system. |
| Weight | measure of the force of gravity acting on an object. (w=mg) |
| Centripetal force | force required to pull an object out of its natural straight-line path and into a circular path. Ex: swing a ball in a circle when it is attached to a string. |
| If the string breaks | where will the ball go? |
| Newton’s Law of Gravitation | Every object is attracted to to every other object. Gravity increases with mass and decreases with distance. |
| Work | magnitude of the applied force multiplied by the parallel distance through which the force acts. (W=Fd) |
| Am I doing work on a book if: | I lift it? Yes (fore and movement parallel) |
| Am I doing work on a book if: | I walk with it? No (force and movement perpendicular) |
| Work | measured in Joules. |
| Power | the rate at which work is done. (P=W/t) |
| Power is | measured in watts. |
| Potential Energy | Energy of position (book on a shelf, compressed spring, chemical bonds) |
| Kinetic Energy | Energy of motion (an object moving) |
| Law of Conservation of Energy | Energy is neither created nor destroyed. Energy can be changed from one form to another but the total amount of energy in the universe is constant. |
| Heat | can be transferred by conduction, convection, or radiation. |
| Conduction | transfer of heat energy by touching. |
| Convection | transfer of heat energy by the movement through gases (water, air) |
| Radiation | transfer of heat energy by radiant energy. |
| Heat is always transferred | from a warmer object to a cooler one. Coldness is never transferred. |
| Longitudinal Wave | sound, compressed slinky |
| Transverse Wave | light, water wave |
| See label of wavelenghts | 1. amplitued, 2. wavelength, 3. trough, 4. crest |
| Pitch of a sound | is determined by frequency. |
| Loudness of a sound | is determined by amplitude. |
| Reflection | when a wave bounces off a boundary. |
| Refraction | – bending of a wave as it goes from one medium to another. |
| Constructive Interference | two crests arrive at the same time or two troughs arrive at the same time. (In phase) |
| Destructive Interference | the crest of one wave meets with the trough of another wave and they cancel each other out. (Out of phase) |
| Look at labels of an oscilliscope | Noise, Pure Tone, Musical Note |
| The Doppler Effect | accounts for the fact that as a car approaches you its horn seems to increase in pitch and decreases in pitch as it moves away from you. |
| An object can be electrostatically charged by: | Friction – while combing your hair, the plastic comb rubs off electrons from your hair and the comb become negatively charged. Your hair become positively charged and repels the surrounding hair. |
| An object can be electrostatically charged by: | Contact – touching one charged object to another. Electrons flow from one to the other. |
| An object can be electrostatically charged by: | Induction – if you put a negatively charged comb next to a piece of paper but not touching it, the negative charge of the com chases the electrons to the far side of the paper which becomes positively charged and attracted to the comb. |
| Alternating Current (ac) | electric field drifts back and forth. (Ex: household current) |
| Direct Current (dc) | electric field moves in one direction. (Ex: battery) |
| Resistance | reduces or opposes a current. (Ex: toaster, light bulb) |
| Generator | device that uses mechanical energy (running water, gasoline) to produce electrical energy. |
| Transformer | device that is used to increase or decrease voltage. |
| Concave Mirror | shaped like the bowl of a spoon. (make-up mirror) |
| Convex Mirror | shaped like the back of a spoon. (security mirror, (convenience store), side view mirror on an auto) |
| Real Image | can be focused on a screen. (eyeglasses – retina is screen, movie) |
| Virtual Image | cannot be focused on a screen. (mirror) |
| Polarization | passing light through a substance so only the wavelengths traveling in the plane get through. |
| Nucleus | tiny, massive, positively charged, center of an atom. |
| A. protons | positively charged particles |
| B. neutrons | neutrally charged particles |
| C. electrons | negatively charged particles, with negligible mass. |
| Chemical Change | a change involving the formation of a new substance. (Ex: burning sugar, burning wood, mixing sodium and chlorine and getting salt, mixing hydrogen and oxygen and getting water) |
| Physical Change | a change involving phase of matter only. (Ex: boiling, freezing, melting, evaporating, going into a solution) |
| Know the handout | of the periodic table. |
| Covalent Bonds | share electrons |
| Ionic Bonds | electrons are transferred |
| Single Bonds | one pair of electrons are shared |
| Double Bonds | two pairs of electrons are shared |
| Triple Bond | three pairs of electrons are shared |
| Predict compounds when given the charges of the ions: | Ex: Al3+ and O2- = Al2O3 |
| Balance a simple equation: | Ex: CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O |
| Recognize types of chemical reactions: | A. combination reaction,X + Y XY 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl |
| B. decomposition reaction | XY X + Y 2H2O2 2H2O + O2 |
| C. replacement reaction (displacement) | XY + Z XZ + Y 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 |
| ion exchange reaction (double displacement) | XY + AZ XZ + AY HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O |
| Water is a polar substance because the oxygen pulls more tightly on the shared electrons than hydrogens (O is more electronegative than H). | This gives the oxygen part of the molecule a partial negative charge and the hydrogens a partial positive charge. Polar substances can be dissolved in water Remember: Like dissolves like. |
| Detergents are effective | because they have a nonpolar end that dissolves fats and a polar end that can dissolve in water. |
| Electrolytes | ionic substances such as salts that conduct electricity when dissolved in water. |
| Acid | produces the hydronium (H3O+) in water. |
| Base | produces the hydroxide (OH-) in water. |
| A neutralization reaction of an acid and a base | produces water and salt. |
| Recognize | an alkane (all single bonds), an alkene (at least one double bond), and an alkyne (at least one triple bond). |
| Recognize | a straight chain, branched chain, ring structure, and the aromatic hydrocarbon with the benzene ring. |
| Recognize | an alcohol, amine, organic acid, ester, ether, ketone, and an organic halide. |
| Radioactivity | spontaneous emission of particles or energy from an atomic nucleus as it disintegrates. |
| Alpha particle | helium nucleus, stopped by paper. |
| Beta particle | high energy electron, stopped by 1 cm aluminum. |
| Gamma particle | short wavelength electromagnetic radiation, stopped by 5 cm lead. |
| Uranium eventually | decays to lead. |
| Nuclear Fission | splitting of a massive nucleus to smaller, more stable nuclei with the release of energy. |
| Critical Mass | concentration of fissionable material necessary to undergo a chain reaction. |
| Atomic Bomb | uses conventional explosives to concentrate subcritical mass into a supercritical mass. |
| A nuclear power plant | uses fissionable uranium to produce heat that is converted into electrical energy. |
| Nuclear Fussion | nuclear reaction where less massive nuclei come together to form more massive nuclei with the production of energy. This occurs in stars including our sun. |
| Nebula | diffuse mass of interstellar clouds of hydrogen gas or dust that may develop into a star. |
| Protostar | Accumulation of gases that will become a star. Forms when atoms of a nebula get close enough for gravitational attraction to cause them to condense. |
| Main Sequence Star | normal, mature stars that use their nuclear fuel at a steady rate. |
| Red Giant Stars | bright, low temperature, giant stars. |
| White Dwarf Stars | small, dense, white-hot stars. |
| Cepheid Variables | stars with regular variation in brightness. |
| Nova | star that flares up, increasing in brightness for a short time. |
| Supernova | violent explosion that spreads the outer layer of a massive star into space. |
| Know the progression | of a birth of a star to the death of a star. |
| Mercury | inner most planet, not atmosphere; smallest of inner planets, slightly larger than our moon; 0.4 AU from sun; highly cratered. |
| Venus | morning and evening star, atmosphere of CO2; day longer than its year; exhibits phases. |
| Earth | 1 AU from sun; one moon, atmosphere mostly N2 and O2. |
| Mars | white polar caps of frozen CO2 with canyons, plateaus, and inactive volcanoes; red planet, two satellites – Deimos and Phobos. |
| Jupiter | largest of all planets, Galilean moons – Io, Europa, Calisto, Ganymede; great red spot is from a hurricane lasting over 300 years; comet Shoemaker-Levy hit it in 1994. |
| Saturn | greater than 60 bright and dark rings, least dense of planets; moon Titan. |
| Uranus | atmosphere of H2, He, and CH4; 19 Au from sun; 15 satellites. |
| Neptune | year = 165 Earth years, atmosphere of H2 He, and methane; outermost planet – 30 AU from sun. |
| My Very Earthy Mother Just Served Us Nachos. | (mnemonic for memorizing the order of planets from closest to the sun to farthest from the sun). |
| Pluto | booted out of the solar system on August 24, 2006. Now is considered a “dwarf planet” |
| Asteroid belt | lies between Mars and Jupiter, contains thousands of asteroids |
| Asteroids | small rocky bodies |
| Oort Cloud | Cloud of icy, dusty aggregates further out than Pluto where comets are thought to originate. |
| Meteoroids | remnants of comets and asteroids |
| Meteor | streak of light and smoke in the sky when a meteoroid burns in the atmospshere. |
Created by:
secretary382002
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