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Lifespan-Ch2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Natural Selection | evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce Based on Darwin’s theory Survival characteristics are passed on in genes |
| Adaptive Behavior | behavior that promotes an organism’s survival & optimal outcomes in the natural habitat |
| Evolutionary Psychology | emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” in shaping behavior |
| Epigenisis | chemicals attached to the gene. They turn the gene on / off & can alter DNA over time thru environment!!! |
| Bidirectional view | environmental and biological conditions influence each other |
| Mechanisms of Heredidty: DNA | Proteins =Bases of DNA = Thymine, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine Chromosome = coils of DNA Genes = small segments of DNA, contains 1000’s of bases. Genetic expression is affected by the environment |
| Genes and Chromosomes | 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs; Mitosis: reproduction of cells; Meiosis: cell division that results in either a sperm or an egg (gametes) |
| Mitosis | reproduction of cells Nucleus (including chromosomes) duplicate, producing an identical cell. Good for general growth & repair of the body |
| Meiosis | cell division that results in either a sperm or an egg (gametes) Each cell divides twice, forming four cells with only 50% of chromosomes or 23 unpaired chromosomes. Good for procreation when the species has 2 genders. |
| DNA Proteins | Thymine, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine |
| Chromosomes | coils of DNA |
| Genes | small segments of DNA, contains 1000s of the bases |
| Genome | complete set of developmental instructions for the making of a human organism |
| Fertilization | Fusing of sperm and egg to create a zygote; Child’s sex determined by 23rd pair of chromosomes |
| XX | female |
| XY | male |
| Identical (monozygotic) twins | develop from a single zygote that splits into two |
| Fraternal (dizygotic) twins | develop from 2 separate eggs and sperm |
| Genotype | a person’s genetic material |
| Dominant-Recessive Genes Principle | a dominant gene always exerts its effects, overriding the potential influence of the recessive gene; a recessive gene only exerts influence if both genes in a pair are recessive |
| Sex-linked genes | X-linked inheritance occurs when a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome More likely to affect males than females |
| Genetic Imprinting | occurs when genes have differing effects depending on whether they are inherited from the mother or the father |
| Polygenetic Inheritance | characteristics that are determined by the interaction of several genes for a single trait; IQ comes from 50 genes |
| Down syndrome | caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. MR, short limbs, flat skull. |
| Sex-linked abnormalities | involve the presence of an extra X or Y chromosome (or the absence of one) |
| Klinefelter syndrome | males born with XXY instead of XY. Undeveloped testes, large breasts |
| Fragile X syndrome | occurs more often in males than females; X chromosome constricted or breaks off. Cognitive Deficits mild (LD) to severe (MR) |
| Turner syndrome | females born with XO rather than XX, sometimes causing infertility |
| XYY syndrome | males with extra Y chromosome |
| PKU | inability to metabolize phenylalanine |
| Sickle-cell anemia | impaired red blood cells die more quickly; more often found in African Americans |
| Gene-linked abnormalities | PKU, Sickle Cell Anemia, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, spina bifida, Huntington disease, and Tay-Sachs disease |
| Genetic counselors | help people make reproductive decisions |
| Ultrasound Sonography | high-frequency sound waves used to create a visual representation of fetus’s inner structures |
| Fetal MRI | magnetic resonance imaging designed to diagnose fetal malformations |
| Chorionic Villus Sampling | small sample of placenta is removed to detect genetic and chromosomal abnormalities |
| Amniocentesis | samples amniotic fluid to test for chromosomal or metabolic disorders |
| Maternal Blood Screening | identifies pregnancies with elevated risk for certain birth defects |
| Behavior Genetics | seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development |
| Twin studies | compare identical (monozygotic) twins with fraternal (dizygotic) twins |
| Adoption studies | compare the characteristics of adopted children with their adoptive parents and their biological parents; May also compare adopted and biological siblings |
| Heritability | A statistical estimate of the contribution of hereditary on trait variance in a population from 0.0 to 1.0 (it equates to a percentage 0-100%) |
| Family Studies | The degree to which bio-relatives share traits |
| Passive | Parents provide environment that fosters trait. Similar genetics similar interests. Parents are bookworms, kid is a bookworm. |
| Reactive or Evocative | Based on their traits, children evoke different responses from others. A beautiful girl (who’s mean) evokes being popular because of her looks. |
| Active or Niche Picking | Adolescent chooses an environment that suits his traits., even if different than parents traits. Shy kid picks solitary activities, parents are extroverts. Hyper kid insists that his non-athletic parents put him in sports. |
| Shared environmental experience | siblings’ common experiences |
| Non-shared environmental experiences | a child’s unique experiences, both within and outside the family |
| Epigenetic view | development is an ongoing, bi-directional interchange between heredity and environment Heredity and environment operate together |
Created by:
MarieG
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