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Memory
Memory Chapter 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Memory | the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information |
| Encoding | the processing of information into the memory system -for example, by extracting meaning |
| Storage | the retention of encoded information over time. |
| Retrieval | the process of getting information out of memory storage. |
| Sensory Memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensosry information in the memory system. |
| short-term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven didgits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten. |
| Long-term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. |
| working memory | a newer understanding of short-term memory tht involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved form long-term memory. |
| automatic processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. |
| effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. |
| rehearsal | the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage. |
| spacing effect | the tendency for distribution study or practicre to yield better long-term retention thatn is achieved through massed study or practice. |
| serial position effect | our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. |
| imagery | mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with wemantic encoding. |
| mnemonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. |
| chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occus automatically. |
| iconic memory(visual sensory) | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic memory lastin no more than a few tenths of a second. |
| echoic (auditory sensory) memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds. |
| long-term potentiation | an increase in synapse's firing after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be nerual basis for learning and memory. |
| flashbulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. |
| amnesia | the loss of memory. |
| implicit memory | retention independent of conscious recollection. |
| explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" also called(declarative memory) |
| hippocampus | a neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage. |
| recall | a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a a fill-in-the blank test. |
| recognition | a measure of memory in which the person learned, as on a multiple-choice test. |
| relearning | a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time. |
| priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory. |
| deja vu | the eerie sense that "I've experienced this before. " Cues from the current situration may subconciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience. |
| mood-congruent memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. |
| levels of processing | a continuum of memory processing from shallow to intermediate to deep with deeper processing producing better memory |
| elaboration | refers to the number of different connections that are made around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding. |
| dual-code hypothesis | claims that memeory for pictures is better than memory for words because image codes and verbal codes are stored better. |
| episodic memory | the retention of information about the where, when, and what of life's happenings-that is, how individuals remember life's episodes. |
| semantic memeory | a person's knowledge about the world. |
| priming | the activation of informatin that people already ahve in storage to help them remember new information better and faster. |
| schema | a preexisting mental cncept of framework that helps people to organize and interpret information. schemas from prior encounters with the environment influence the way we encode, make inferences about, and retrieve information. |
| script | a schema for an event, often containing information about physical features, people, and typical occurences |
| connectionism (parallel distributed processing: PDP) | the theory tht memeory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons, several of which ay work together to process a single memory. |
| frontal lobes | episodic memory |
| amygdala | emotional memories |
| temporal lobe | explicit memory, priming |
| cerebellum | implicit memory |
| autobiographical memory | a special form of episodic memory, consisting of a person's recollections of his or her life experiences. |
| motivated forgetting | forgetting that occurs when something is so painful or anxiety laden that remembering it is intolerable. |
| Atkinson-Shriffin theory | Theory stting tht memeory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. |
| storage | the retention of information over time and how this informatin is represented in memory. |
| retrieval | the memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage. |
| repression | is a defense mechanism by which a person is so traumatized by an event that he/she then forgets the act of forgetting. |
| motivation forgetting | forgetting that occurs when something is so painful or anxiety laden that remembering it is intolerable. |
| Who was the first psychologist to conduct scientific research on forgetting. | Hermann Ebbinghaus |
| encoding failure | occurs when the information was never entered into long-term memory. |
| interference theory | the theory tht people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember. |
| retroactive interference | situation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier. |
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Msmlb_93
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