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2000 Test 3 Psych
Psychology 2000 Study Stack
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| memory | the persistance of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information |
| encoding | the processing of information into the memory system -- for example by extracting meaning |
| storage | the retention of encoded information over time |
| retrieval | the process of getting information out of memory storage |
| sensory memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system |
| short term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly |
| long term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills and experiences |
| working memory | a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long term memory. |
| automatic processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency and of well-learned information suck as word meanings |
| effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
| rehearsal | the conscious repetition of information, the to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage |
| spacing effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice |
| serial position effect | our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list |
| visual encoding | the encoding of a picture image |
| acoustic encoding | the encoding of sounds, especially the sound of words |
| semantic encoding | the encoding of meaning, including meaning of words |
| imagery | mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding |
| mnemonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
| chunking | organizing items into familiar manageable units; often occurs automatically |
| iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second |
| echoic memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds |
| long-term potentiation (LTP) | an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for leaning and memory |
| flashbulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment |
| amnesia | the loss of memory |
| implicit memory | retention independent of conscious recollection |
| explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" |
| hippocampus | a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage |
| recall | a measure of memory in which the person much retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in the blank test |
| recognition | a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test |
| relearning | a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when leaning material for a second time |
| priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of particular association in memory |
| deja vu | that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience |
| mood-congruent memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consisten with one's current good or bad mood |
| proactive interference | the disruptive effect of prior leaning on the recall of new information |
| retroactive interference | the disruptive effect of new leaning on the recall of old information |
| misinformation effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of events |
| source amnesia | attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. |
| cognition | the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating |
| concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events ideas or people |
| prototype | a mental image or best example of a category. |
| algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier, but also more error prone use of heuristics |
| heuristics | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms |
| insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions |
| confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
| fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set |
| mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
| functional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; as impediment to problem solving |
| representative heuristics | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information |
| availability heuristics | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory, if instances come readily to mind |
| overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct; to over estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements |
| belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. |
| intuition | an effortless, immediate automatic feeling or though, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning |
| framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements |
| phoneme | in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit |
| language | our spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicated meaning |
| morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning, may be a word or part of a word |
| grammar | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others |
| semantics | the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words and sentence in a given language; also the study of meaning |
| syntax | the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language |
| two-word stage | beginning about age two, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements |
| one-word stage | the stage in speech development, from age one to two during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
| telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram, using mostly nouns and verbs |
| aphasia | impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area or to Wernicke's area |
| Broca's Area | controls language expression-an area, usually in the left frontal love, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech |
| Wernicke's Area | controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe |
| linguistic determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
| intelligence test | a method for assessing an individuals mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others using numerical scores |
| intelligence | mental quality consisting of the ability to lean from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations |
| general intelligence | a general intelligence factor that according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test |
| factor analysis | a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score |
| savant syndrome | a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing |
| creativity | the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas |
| emotional intelligence | the ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotions |
| mental age | a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level or performance |
| Stanford-Binet | the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test |
| intelligence quotient | defined originally as the ration of mental age to chronological age and multiplied by 100 |
| achievement tests | a test designed to assess what a person has learned |
| aptitude tests | a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn |
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale | the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance subtests |
| standardization | defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group |
| normal curve | the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes |
| reliability | the extent to which a test yields consisten results as assessed by the consistency of score on two have of the test or on retesting |
| validity | the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is suppose to |
| content validity | the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest |
| predictive validity | the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict |
| intellectual disability | a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life |
| Down syndrome | a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders by an extra copy of chromosome 21 |
| heritability | the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes |
| stereotype threat | a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative sterotype |
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