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Opthalmic Conditions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pupil consriction is called? | Miosis |
| Pupil dialtion is called | mydriasis |
| refraction | Light rays deflected in various directions according to the density of the ocular structures through which they pass |
| refraction is controlled by | aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous body |
| What is the function of the lens of the eye? | to focus light rays to form images on the retina |
| Impaired drainage of aqueous humor causes? | Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) |
| Refractive Error ( MYOPIA) | Nearsightedness |
| Refractive error- Hyperopia | Farsightedness |
| Treatment for Refractive errors? | Eyeglasses or contact lenses |
| Characterized by increased IOP <22mmhg or with normal IOP >21mmHg or average IOP 15-16 mmHg | Glaucoma |
| Contributing factors to open-angle Glaucoma | myopia, advanced age,incrased IOP, family hx, DM,hyptertention,long term conticosteroid drug use,eye injury |
| Closed angle Glaucoma | usually an acute situation, ned surgery, occurs when pupils are dilated and outflow of aqueous humor is blocked=IOP |
| What factors may cause the pupil to dilate and block outflow of aqueous humor? | Darkness, and drugs with anticholinergic effects (atropine, antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants) |
| May be caused by allergens, viral or bacterial infections, or physical/chemical irritants | Conjuntivitis |
| Symptoms of Conjunctivitis? | redness, tearing, itching, edema, and burning or gritty sensations |
| chronic infection of glands and lash follicles on the margins of the eyelids | Blepharitis |
| Blepharitis symptoms? | buring, redness, itching, "stye" |
| Common causes of Blepharitis? | seborrhea and staphylococcal infections |
| Inflammation of the cornea | Keratitis |
| What causes Keratitis | microorganisms, trauma, alergy, ischemia, and drying of the cornea |
| Symptoms of Keratitis? | pain and ultimately impaired vision, corneal ulceration, scarring |
| Bacterial Corneal Ulcers are most often caused by? | pneumococci and stapylococi |
| Can be attributed to frequent use of eye antibiotics and corticosteroids? | Fungal infections |
| Penetration of drugs reaching the ocular structures is greater if? | the drug achieves high concentration in the blood, is fat soluble, poorly bound to serum proteins and if inflammation is present |
| Proparacaine | Local Anesthetics- after 1 drop; onset in 20 seconds last 10-15 minutes |
| Lidocaine | Injectable local anesthetics - rapid onset, lasts 1-2 hours |
| This class of drugs are used to decrease redness, and itching | Antihistamines and mass cell stabilizers |
| Ketotifen (Zaditor) | antihistamine for allergic conjuctivitis OTC |
| inhibits the release of histamine and slows the reacting substance of anaphylaxis from mast cells takes days-weeks for therapeutic use | Cromolyn (antihistamine and mast cell stablilizer) |
| Sulfonamides | used to treat bacterial conjunctivitis g- and g+ |
| Natamycin | treats fungal infections |
| trifluridine | treats viral infections |
| Dilates pupil before opthalmologic exams | Phenylephrine (ANS) |
| Phenylephrine onset (ANS) | dilation occurs within 30 minutes and lasts 2-3 hrs |
| Phenylephrine caution w/pts with | hypertension,hyperthyroidism, cardiac dyshythmias, arteriosclerotic heart dis., |
| These drugs are contraindicated in eye infections caused by herpes b/c they increase the severity | corticosteroids |
| Used in eye disorders to block the synthesis of inflammatory prostaglandins (topical use) | NSAIDS |
| These drugs reduce IOP by increasing the amount of aqueous humor outflow | Prostaglandin Analogs |
| These drugs may be used when a beta blocker is not effective or contraindicated to lower IOP | Prostaglandin Analogs |
| Prostaglandin Adverse effects? | ocular burning, stinging, itching, permanent darkening of eye color, altered eyelashes PREGNANT NURSES BEWARE: can be aborbed via skin while administering |
| These drugs are given to decrease IOP in glaucoma and b4 surgery | Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (CAIs) and osmotic agents |
| decrease IOP by decreasing the production of aqueous humor | CAIs (Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors) Osmotic agents |
| What type of agent is glycerin? What does it do? Onset time? | -osmotic agent - it lowers IOP by decreasing production of aqueous humor -1 hours and lasts 4-5 hours |
| a dye used in diagnosing lesions or foreign boides in the cornea, fitting contact lenses, and studying the lacrimal system and flow of aqueous humor | Fluorescein |
| What are risk factors for eye disorders? | trauma,allergies, infection in one eye,use of contact lenses, infectins of facial structures of skin, exposure to chemical irritants |
| Sudden severe pain indicates? pain and inflammation sign of ? photosensitivity occurs with? | 1. glaucoma;requires immedicate tx 2.corneal abrasions 3.keratitis |
| Action for thermal burns | apply cold compress to area |
| usefulness of warm, wet compresses of the eye? | useful in inflammation or infection of the eye. releives pain and promote healing by increasing blood supply to the affected area |
| systemic adverse effects of ophthalmic drugs? | tachycardia and dysrhythmias with adrenergics bradycardica and bronchoconstriction w/beta blockers |
| How long should you hold the tear duct when inserting eye meds? | 3-5 minutes |
| how long is interval between eye drops? | 5-10 minutes b/c limited eye capacity and rapid drainage into tear ducts |
| Ointments should be applied when? | during sleep hours b/c they cause blurred vision |
| eye drops containing benzalkonium HCL(preservative) should use with caution with what type of patient? | this fluid is absorbed by soft contacts this med should be used 15 min prior to contact wear |
| Drugs used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes | Autonomic nervous system drugs |
| durgs often used to treat inflammatory conditions of the eye | Corticosteroids |
Created by:
tyhmar6
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