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RT 140 Ch.1
Radiation Protection
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Excitation | Raising an e- in an atom to a higher energy level without ejection of the e- |
| Ionization | Ejection of an orbital e- from an atom *(ionizing radiation) *average energy of 33eV |
| Radioactivity | The spontaneous release of energy from the nucleus of an atom in the form of EM or Particulate radiation |
| Particulate Radiation | Energy propagated in space by traveling corpuscles having a definite rest mass, charge,& position |
| Electromagnetic Radiation | Energy propagated in space as oscillating Electric & Magnetic fields at 90 degree right angles & traveling at the speed of light (3x10^10 cm/sec, 3x10^8 m/sec, 186,000 miles/sec) |
| X-Rays | Are produced extranuclearly * e- are accelerated, hit a target, & as they stop abruptly *part of their kinetic energy is converted into x-rays |
| ɣ-Rays | Are produced intranuclearly *an unstable nucles of a radioactive isotope breaks up & decays toward a more stable form a ɣ-ray is released *Instability of a nucleus increases as Z increases *overcoming of Coulomb forces in the Nucleus of the atom |
| Directly Ionizing | Charged Particles (e-, proton, ⍺-particle, β-particle) *Produce chemical & biological changes themselves |
| Indirectly Ionizing | Have no charge (x-rays,ɣ-rays, & neutrons) *They give up their energy to produce fast-moving charged particles(fast recoil e- or heavy charged ions) that then produce chemical & biological changes. |
| The Atom | Atom meaning "indivisible" in Greek * The smallest possible particle of a chemical element that retains its chemical properties |
| Nucleus of the Atom | The nucleus of an atom is the very dense region in its center consisting of protons & neutrons * 10^-14 meters(radius of nucleus) * 10^-10 meters(radius of electronic orbits) |
| Atom is composed of | Composed of 3 types of subatomic particles * e-:have a negative charge & are the least massive of the 3 * p:have a positive charge & are about 1836 times more massive than e- * n:have no charge & are about 1839 times more massive than an e- |
| Rutherford Discovered | Discovered that atoms have a small charged nucleus * Pioneered the Rutherford model (or planetary model) * Later evolved into the Bohr model |
| Isotope | When N is different, Z=same |
| Isotone | When z is different, N=same |
| Isobar | When Z is different, A=same |
| Isomer | When A=same, Z=same * Nuclear energy states are different * In a metastable state |
| Avogadro's Number | Every gram atomic weight (AW) of a substance contains the same number of atoms * (Na)= 6.0228 x 10^23 |
| Proton Mass Unit | 1.00727 |
| Neutron Mass Unit | 1.00866 |
| Electron Mass Unit | 0.0005486 |
| Wave Model | C = λ x v * c= 3x10^10 cm/s, 3x10^8 m/s * Wavelenght,λ=12.4/E(keV) * v=(1Å=10^-10m) |
| Electromagnetic Radiation Characteristics | * Same Velocity * Different Wavelenght * Different Frequency |
| Energy of a Photon | E=hv *(Planck's Constant H=6.6256 x 10^-34 Js/cycle) |
| Radiation Protection | Effective measures employed by radiation worker's to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation |
| Diagnostic Efficacy | Diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence or absences of disease. |
| Radiation | The emission and propagation of energy through space or material medium |
| Types Of Radiation | *Electromagnetic Radiation *Particulate Radiation *Radioactivity |
| De Broglie Hypothesis | *Dual nature of matter *EM appear to behave like particles (exhibit momentum) *Particles such as electrons, proton’s and neutron’s have some type of wave Motion and Refraction (change in direction) of a wave due to a change in its velocity |
| Equivalent Dose (EqD) | A quantity attempting to account for variation in biologic harm produced from different types of radiation Wr |
| Effective Dose (EfD) | Dose taking into account dose for all types of ionizing radiation absorbed by organs or tissues Wt |
| Background Equivanlent Radiation Time (BERT) | The method of comparing the amount of radiation received with natural background radiation. |
| Enhanced Natural Source | If any natural source of radiation Become increased because of accidental or deliberate human actions. |
| Radionuclide | Is an unstable nucleus that emits one or more forms of ionizing radiation to achieve greater stability |
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