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Chapter 6.3-Bacteria
Pages 192-201
| Question |
|---|
| -Prokaryotes -Unicellular -Autotrophs & Heterotrophs |
| Found nearly everywhere on Earth (soil, rocks, Arctic ice, volcanoes & living things) |
| Discovered in the late 1600s by Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
| Genetic material in their cells is not contained in a nucleus |
| Each bacterial cell uses energy, grows and develops, responds to surroundings & reproduces |
| Three basic shapes: spherical, rodlike & spiral shaped |
| Shape helps scientists identify kind of bacteria (ex. strep throat bacteria= sphereical |
| Shape of a bacterial cell is determined by the chemical makeup of the outermost layer |
| Cell walls surround most bacterial cells; bacterium’s rigid cell wall helps to protect the cell. |
| Cell Membrane- inside cell wall (controls what goes in & out) Cytoplasm- Inside membrane (gel-like) Ribosomes- Inside cytoplasm (make proteins) Genetice Material- Inside cytoplasm (thick, tangled string) |
| If you could untangle this genetic material, you would see that it forms a circular shape |
| genetic material-contains instructions for all cell’s functions (ex. such as how to produce proteins on ribosomes) |
| FLAGELLUM: A long, whiplike structure that helps a unicellular organism move (helps a cell to move by spinning in place like a propeller) |
| bacterial cell can have lots of flagella/one/none |
| MOST bacteria with no falgellum= no movement (depend on air/water currents/clothing/other objects) |
| Til recently, biologists grouped all bacteria together in single kingdom (Monerans) on basis of similar cellular structure; though all bacteria look similar, some differ chemically |
| After analyzing the chemical differences, scientists have reclassified bacteria into two separate kingdoms—archaebacteria and eubacteria. |
| -archaebacteria live in extreme environments (hot springs, VERY acidic enviroments, animal intestines, swamp mud, sewage) -These bacteria produce the foul odors that you may associate with these places. |
| -most eubacteria don't live in extreme enviro;live everywhere else -live on/in your body (coat skin/swarm nose) -MOST=harmless |
| -Help maintain some of Earth's physical conditions & help other organisms survive -use the sun’s energy to produce food and oxygen |
| BINARY FISSION: a form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells |
| ASEUAL REPRODUCTION: The reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent |
| Binray Fission Process: -cell first duplicates its genetic material and then divides into two separate cells -each new cell gets its own complete copy of the parent cell’s genetic material as well as some of the parent’s ribosomes and cytoplasm |
| SEXUAL REPRODUCTION: The reproductive process that involves two parents who combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents |
| CONJUGAION: The process in which a unicellular organism transfers some of its genetic material to another unicellular organism |
| Conjugation Process: -one bacterium transfers some of its genetic material into another bacterial cell through a thin, threadlike bridge that joins the two cells -After the transfer, the cells separate. |
| Conjugation results in bacteria with new genetic material combonations |
| When these bacteria divide by binary fission, the new genetic material passes to the new cells. Conjugation does not increase the number of bacteria |
| Conjugation does not increase the number of bacteria. However, it does result in the production of new bacteria, which are genetically different than the parent cells. |
| Bacteria MUST HAVE: -food source -way of breaking down the food to release the food’s energy -survival techniques when conditions in their surroundings become unfavorable |
| Ways that autptrophic bacteria can obtain food: -capturing and using the sun’s energy -use the energy from chemical substances in their environment to make their food |
| Heterotrophic bacteria obtain energy by consuming other organisms |
| Bacteria need a constant supply of energy to carry out their functions |
| MOST bacteria need oxygen to break down their food |
| A few kinds of bacteria need no oxygen for respiration (they die if oxygen is present) |
| Some bacteria can survive these harsh conditions by forming endospores |
| ENDOSPORES: A small, rounded, thick-walled, resting cell that forms inside a bacterial cell -contains cell's genetic mat. and some cytoplasm |
| B/c they can resist freezing/heating/drying, they like for a while |
| If an endospore lands in a place where conditions are suitable, it opens up. Then the bacterium can begin to grow and multiply. |
| Bacteria are involved in fuel and food production as well as in environmental recycling and cleanup. However, some bacteria do cause diseases and other harmful effects. |
| most of the ways that bacteria interact with living organisms are harmless or positive, not harmful |
| The archaebacteria that live in oxygen-free environments, such as the thick mud at the bottom of a lake or swamp, produce a gas called methane during respiration |
| The methane produced by archaebacteria that died millions of years ago is the major component in about 20 percent of Earth’s deposits of natural gas |
| The activities of helpful bacteria produce cheese, yogurt, apple cider and more (cucumbers-> pickles ; apple cider-> vinegar ; milk-> buttermilk/sourcream/yogurt/cheese) |
| Some bacteria cause food to spoil when they break down the food's chemicals |
| People from ancient times until now have used such methods as heating, refrigerating, drying, salting, or smoking foods |
| Decomposers are bacteria that live in the soil ^^ they break down chemicals in dead organ. to smaller chem. (aka nat. recyclers) |
| Other recycling eubacteria live in swellings on the roots of some plants, such as peanuts and soybeans. There, they convert nitrogen gas from the air into nitrogen compounds that the plants need to grow |
| plants cannot convert nitrogen from the air into the nitrogen compounds they need. The bacteria that live in the roots of plants help the plants to survive. |
| TOXIN: A poison that can harm an organism |
| Many bacterial diseases can be cured with ANTIBIOTICS (A chemical that kills bacteria or slows their growth without harming the body cells of humans) |
| Bacteria Help Your Digestive System By: -Digesting food -making vitamins -prevent the harmful bacteria from attaching to your intestines and making you sick. |
Created by:
Avery R.
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