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Final--Abnormal
Stack #58762
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
| Schizophrenia | Deterioration of daily functioning along with a combination of hallucinations, delusions, or other symptoms |
| Florid (positive) symptoms of Schizophrenia | Delusions (fixed false beliefs), Hallucinations (false sense perceptions), Grossly disorganized behavior (including speech) |
| Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia | Avolition (disinterest), Alogia (decreased speech/ideation), Asociality |
| DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition) | Reference book which lists the acceptable labels for all psychological disorders |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | People who are almost constantly plagued by exaggerated worries, a common symptom of many disorders |
| Anxiety and its difference from fear | An apprehensive feeling that something might go wrong, anxiety is usually associated with a specific situation unlike fear |
| Panic Disorder | People have frequent periods of anxiety and occasional attacks of panic--rapid breathing, increased heart rate, chest pains, sweating, fiantness, and trembling |
| Hyperventilation | Rapid deep breathing, usually a symptom of panic disorder |
| Phobia | Persistne fear that is extreme enough to interfere with normal living. Usually more common in women than men and fades as people grow older |
| Role of avoidance learning in phobias | Avoidance behanviors are highly resistant to extinction and as long as one continues an avoidance behavior they never learn whether it is useful or not |
| Systematic Desensitization | A method of reducing fear by gradually exposing people to the object of fear |
| Benzodiazepine | Tranquilizers that relieve anxiety, induce sleep, and inhibit epileptic seizures |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | Obession: a repetitive, unwelcome stream of thought and Compulsion: repetitive, almost irresistible action |
| Common Compulsions | Cleaning and checking |
| Treatment for OCD | Most improve over time with or without therapy. Drugs or Exposure therapy: person is prevented from performing certain rituals |
| Dependence or Addiction | People who find it difficult or impossible to quit a self-distructive habit |
| Type I Alcoholism | Develops gradually over the years, affects about as many women as men, is generally less severe, and depends more on life experiences than genetics |
| Type II Alcoholism | Develops rapidly, usually by age 25, is much more common in men than women, is usually more severe, and shows a strong genetic basis |
| Treatment for Alcoholism: Alcoholics Anonymous | A self-help group of people who are trying to abstain from alcohol use and help others do the same |
| Treatment for Alcoholism: Antabuse | A pill that causes alcoholics to become sick whenever they have a drink |
| Treatment for Alcoholism: Harm Reduction | Decreasing the frequency of drug use and minimizing the harmful consequences to health and well-being |
| Treatment for Alcoholism: Contingency Management | Provide immediate reinforcement for testing alcohol free |
| Axis I | Clinical disorders, onset after infancy and represent in some way a deterioration of functioning |
| Axis II | Personality disorders and mental retardation, generally persist throughout life |
| Axis III | General medical conditions, a psychotherapist does not provide treatment for these disorders |
| Axis IV | Psychosocial and enviromental problem, indication of how much stress a person has to endure |
| Axis V | Global assessment of functioning, evaluates a person's overall level of functioning on a scale from 1 (suicide) to 100 (happy, productive) |
| Attention-deficit Disorder (ADD) | Characterized by easy distraction from important tasks, impulsiveness, moodiness, and failure to follow through on plans |
| Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | Characterized by easy distraction from important tasks, impulsiveness, moodiness, and failure to follow through on plans and excessive activity and "fidgetiness" |
| Cause of ADD/ADHD | Causes are not known, but researchers have linked several genes to this disorder but no one gene has a strong relationship. In most cases cause is unkown |
| Treatment of ADD/ADHD | Stimulant drugs (Ritalin) |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder | Lack of affection for others, high probability of harming others without feeling guilty, apparent weakness of most emotions |
| Narcissistic Personality Disorder | Exaggerated opinion of one's own importance and disregard for others |
| Schizotypal Disorder | Poor relationships with other people, odd thinking, neglect of normal grooming |
| Dependent Personality Disorder | Preference for lettin gother people make decisions, lack of initiative and self-confidence |
| Personality Disorder | Maladaptive, inflexible way of dealing with the enviroment and other people |
| Differential Diagnosis | Determination of what problem a person has in contrast to all the other possible problems that might produce similar symptoms |
| Axis I vs. Axis II | Axis II disorders tend to be lifelong whereas most Axis I disorders represent deterioration of functioning, and Axis II disorders are generally less spectacular and less liekly to be the main reason someone came to a therapist |
| Bi-polar Disorder (Mania) | Someone alternates between periods of depression and periods of mania, which are opposite extremes |
| Treatment of Bi-polar | Form a regular sleep schedule, aerobic exercise, placebo, antidepressant drugs, interpersonal or cognitive behavioral psychotherapy |
| What people are most likely to commit suicide? | People who are severly depressed or with bipolar disorder, people who have endured a death or major recent setback, people who have made previous suicide attempts, people who have relatives who commited suicide |
| Warning signs of suicide | No dependable pattern, many times the decision is made impulsively within 24 hours |
| Psychoanalysis | Method based on identifying unconscoius thoughts and emotions and bringing them to consciousness to help people understand their thoughts and actions |
| Catharsis | Release of pent-up emotions associated with unconscious thoughts and memories |
| Free Association | The client starts thinking about a particular symptom or problem and then reports everything that comes to a mind--a word, a phrase, a visual image |
| Transference | Transferring onto the therapist the behaviors and feelings they originally established toward their father, mother, or other improtant person in their lives |
| Potty Pager | A small device called a Potty Pager fits into a child's underwear and produces a vibration when it becomes moist, this awakens the child who then learns to awaken when the bladder is full |
| Cognitive-Behavior Therapy | Set explicit goals for changing people's behavior, but they place more empahsis than most behavior therapists do on changing people's interpretation of their situation |
| Self-help Groups | Operates much like group therapy, except without a therapist |
| Brief Therapy | Time-limited therapy, the therapist and clint reach and agreement about what they can expect from each other and how long the treatment will last |
| Group Therapy | Administered to a group of people all at once |
| Family Systems Therapy | Guiding assumptions are that most people's problem develop in a family setting and that the best way to deal with them is to improve family relationships and communication |
| Behavior Therapy | Begins with clear, well-defined behavioral goals, such as eliminating test anxiety or breaking a bad habit, and then attempts to achieve those goals through learning |
| Schizophrenia (American Psychiatric Association definition) | Deterioration of daily activities, including work, social relations, and self-care. And at least two of the following: hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, loss of normal emotional respsonses and social behaviors |
| Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia vs. Negative Symptoms | Postive meaning present, negative meaning absent |
| Abnormal Behavior | Any behavior that leades to distress, disability, or an increased risk of death, pain, or loss of freedom |
| Biopsychosocial Model | Abnormal behavior has three major aspects: biological, psychological, and sociological |
| Biological Roots of Abnormal Behavior | Genetic factors which can lead to abnormal brain development |
| Psychological component of Abnormality | A person's vulnerability to stressful events |
| Social Context of Abnormal Behavior | People are greatly influenced by how other people act toward them and what other people expect of them |
| Hallucinations | Perceptions that do not correspond to anything in the objective world |
| Delusions | Unfounded beliefes that are strongly held despite evidence against them, 3 main types |
| Delusion of Persecution | Belief that you are being persecuted by dangerous enemies |
| Delusion of Grandeur | Belief that you are unusually important |
| Delusion of Reference | Tendency to interpret all sorts of messages as if they were meant for oneself |
| Disordered Thinking in Schizophrenia | Impaired on tasks requiring selective attention, difficulty using abstract concepts, make loose associations |
| Prevalence of Schizophrenia | 1% of Americans have it sometime in their life, occurs in all ethnic groups, more common in crowded cities, frequently diagnosed in young adults |
| Neuroleptics | Drug that can relieve schizophrenia, only controls not cures, block dopamine synapses in the brain |
| Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia | The underlying cause of schizophrenia is excessive stimluation of certain types of dopamine synapses |
| Tardive Dyskinesia | Late appearing abnormal involuntary movements, mild to severe but never life threatening, side effect of antipsychotic drugs |
| Seasonal Affective Disorder | Repeatedly become depressed during a particular season of the year, treated by sitting in front of a bright light |
| Evidence for a genetic basis for depression | People with depression are more likely than other people to have relatives with depression, and/or substance abuse, antisocial personality disorder, ADD, bulimia, and migraines |
| Major Depression | Extreme conditions, persisting most of each day for at least 2 weeks, usually more, during which the person experiences little interest in anything, little pleasure, sleep abnormalities, and little motivation for any productive activity |
| Who experiences depression more? | It occurs about twice as often in women as in men, perhaps because women encounter more negative events, sexual abuse, women are more likely to ruminate--to think about why they are depressed |
| Attribution Style of Depressed People | Exaggerate their failures, minimize their successes, and feel depressed after even minor setbacks |
| Cheap solutions to combat Depression | Keep a regular sleep schedule and get some consistent aerobic exercise |
| Interpersonal Therapy | Focuses on coping with difficulties someone has faced in the present or recent past, such as death of a loved one, bad marriage, changes in life status, and lack of social skills |
| Cognitive Therapy | Treatment that seeks to improve people's psychological well-being by changing their congitiions |
| Negative Cognitive Triad of Depression | I am deprived or defeated, the world is full of obstacles, the future is devoid of hope |
| Tricyclic Drugs | Block the reabsorption of the neurotransmitters dopamine, norephinephrine, and serotonin after they are released by an axon's terminal, so they prolong the effect of these neurotransmitters |
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) | Block the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin (Prozac) |
| Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) | Block the metabolic breakdown of released dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, prolong the ability of released neurotransmitters to stimulate the postsynaptic cell |
| Electroconvulsive Therapy | A brief electrical shock is administered across the patient's head to induce a convulsion similar to epilepsy |
| Rational-emotive Behavior Therapy | Assumes that thoughts (rationality) lead to emotions, the problem therefore is not the unpleasant emotions themselves, but the irrational thoughts that lead to them |
| Behavior Therapy | Begins with clear, well-defined behavioral goals, such as eliminating test anxiety or breaking a bad habit, and then attempts to achieve those goals through learning |
| Incongruence | Mismatch between the perceptions of real self and ideal self, cause of distress |
| Unconditional Postive Regard | The complete, unqualified acceptance of another person as he or she is |
| Person-centered Therapy | The therapist listens to the clint with total acceptance and unconditional postive regard |
| Assumptions of Humanistic Therapy | People can decide deliberately what kind of person to be and that we naturally strive to acheive our full potential |
Created by:
hemuller44
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