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Pharm Mod A final
Unit 1-3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 4 different types of names for drugs? | Chemical, generic, official, brand |
| what is the chemical name used for? | In the scientific process |
| What is the generic name used for? AKA? | Before the drug is approved. AKA- non-priopetary lower-case letters, cheapest for consumer |
| What is the official name used for? | Name under which the drug is listed by the FDA. (FDA accepts the generic name as the official name.) |
| What is the brand name used for? AKA? | After the drug is approved. AKA priopetary First letter is capitalized, may differ from company to company. |
| How many brand names can a drug have? | Several |
| How many generic of official names can a drug have? | One |
| Define Autonomy | Ability to make own decisions |
| Beneficence | Promoting good |
| Confidentiality | Duty to respect privileged information about a patient |
| Nonmaleficence | Duty to do no deliberate harm to patient |
| Veracity | Duty to tell the truth, regardless of informed consent |
| Justice | Being fair or equal |
| Define pharmacology | The study of drugs, their origin, nature, properties, and effects on living organisms. The broadest term for the study of science of drugs. |
| Define pharmacokinetics | How drugs enter the body, reach the site of action, are metabolized, and exit from the body. |
| What are the phases of pharmacokinetics? | The study of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. |
| What is another term for metabolism? | biotransformation |
| Explain drug absorption. | The process by which the drug passes into the fluids of the body. |
| Explain distribution. | The transportation of a drug from the absorption site to the site of action. (usually the bloodstream). *most will not cross the blood-brain barrier |
| Explain metabolism (biotransformation.) | The process of being transformed or converted into a less active form. |
| Where does metabolism mostly occur? | Liver |
| What component in the body completes the process of metabolism? | Enzymes |
| In biotransformation, explain the first pass effect. | Oral drugs first pass though the liver and are partially metabolized prior to reaching the target organ which results in the necessity of a higher dose of the drug. |
| Explain excretion. | The process of removing the metabolites (end product of metabolism) and drugs from the body. |
| Excretion primarily occurs in the _______ via _________. | kidneys, urine |
| Which areas of the body typically experience distribution first? | liver, kidneys, brain |
| A pharmacokinetic variable is the half-life of the drug. Explain half-life. | The time it take for the body to reduce drug concentration in half. |
| Define pharmacodynamics. | The study of the biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs and their interactions with body receptors. (The study of what the drug does to the body.) |
| What are the 3 mechanisms of action involved in pharmacodynamics. | Receptor Interaction, Enzyme Interaction, Nonspecific Interaction |
| Receptor Interaction | The selective joining of the drug molecule with a reactive site of the surface of a cell or tissue. Once the drug binds to and interacts with the receptor, a pharmacologic response is produced. |
| Enzyme Interaction | Occurs when the drug chemical binds to an enzyme molecule, causing it to be alter (enhance or inhibit) the enzymes interaction with its normal target molecules in the body. |
| Nonspecific Interaction | No interaction with receptors or enzymes. Main targets are cell membranes and cellular processes. Drugs can physically or chemically alter cellular structures or processes. This defect may results in cell death or starvation. |
| Explain pharmacotherapeutics. | Treatment of a disease through the use of drugs. |
| What are the 6 types of therapy? | Acute, Maintenance, Supplemental, Supportive, Palliative, Prophylactic |
| Acute therapy | Intense treatment. Chemo--cancer |
| Maintenance therapy | Doesn't rid the problem but prevents progression. Birth control or blood pressure medication. |
| Supplemental therapy | Gives the body a substance to be able to function normal. Insulin--diabetes |
| Supportive therapy | Assists the body in functioning while recovering. Fluids--vomitting |
| Palliative therapy | Makes the patient comfortable since the illness can't be cured. High pain med--final stage of cancer |
| Prophylactic therapy | Prevents illness during planned events. Preoperative antibiotic |
| Define pharmacognosy | The study of drugs derived from natural plant and animal sources. |
| What are the 4 major sources of drugs? | Plants, animals, minerals, synthetic. |
| What are the three natural drug sources? | Plants, animals, and minerals. |
| What factors affect the impact of drug therapy? | Gender, size, age, genetics, body composition, tolerance, accumulation of drug (toxicity), immunology (allergies), pathology (disease) |
| Onset of action | Time after administration when the body initially responds to the drug. |
| Peak | The highest drug serum level achieved by a single dose. |
| Duration (plateau) | Maintained concentration of a drug in plasma during a series of scheduled doses. |
| Idiosyncratic Drug effect | Unexpected, unpredictable, unexplainable response to a normal dosage of drugs. |
| Latrogenic response | Literally means "caused by doctor." Usually mistakes made in treatment. |
| Synergistic drug effect | Two different drugs increase the action of one or the other drug. |
| Hypersensitivity | Allergic reaction |
| Anaphylactic reaction | The most severe reaction immediately following administration that may be fatal is not treated immediately. |
| Agonist drugs | Stimulates the activity of one or more body receptors |
| Antagonist drugs | Inhibits the activity of one or more body receptors. AKA inhibitors |
| Define Toxicology | The study of poisons, including toxic drug effects, and applicable treatments. |
| Drug toxicity is the result of_____________________? | overdose, ingestion of drug intended for external use, cumulative effect. |
| What is the cumulative effect? | When a drug binds up to a toxic level in the system due to impaired metabolism or excretion, especially in the elderly. |
| T or F. The sings and symptoms of drug toxicity appear within 24 hours. | F. The sings and symptoms appear immediately or over several weeks. |
| Tolerance | Reduced response to a drug after prolonged use. |
| Dependence | A state in which there is a compulsive or chronic need, as for a drug. |
| What drugs commonly produce tolerance? | opiates, barbiturates, alcohol, tobacco. |
| Name the routes of which drugs can be administered/absorbed. | IV, PO (oral), topical, sublingual, inhalants, transdermal (patches), IM, subQ, suppository (rectal or vaginal). |
| What is an examples of a drug administered for diagnosis? | Barium |
| What is an example of a drug administered as a cure? | Chemo |
| What is an example of a drug administered for the relief of a symptom? | Morphine |
| What is an example of a drug administered for the prevention of a disease? | Immunization |
| Which route administers the drug immediately? | IV |
| Which route in the second most rapid route due to the vascular nature of the tissue? | IM |
| Which route is variable due to the variance in the absorption by the stomach? | Oral route |
| Which route provides for slow absorption due to poor blood supply? | SubQ |
| Which route has an unpredictable absorption rate and therefore is reserved when no other routes are available? | Rectal |
| When dealing with drugs that bind to the plasma proteins, what kind of reaction can you expect from a client that is deficient in protein? | A high reaction would occur because there is not enough protein available to bind to the drug and preoccupy it. |
| What are two developmental factors that impact the action of drugs? | Pregnancy and age. |
| What are the advantages of oral meds? | convenient for the nurse to give and patient to swallow. Most meds are available in p.o. form. Inexpensive to make orals. Safer and non-invasive. |
| What are the disadvantage of oral meds? | Can't administer to patients that are nauseous or vomiting or unconscious patients. Some meds lose effectiveness related to gastric juices. Onset of action varies related to the change in the absorption in the GI tract. |
| Why does administering medications sublingually/bucally have a more potent effect than administering meds orally? | The drug bypasses the liver and enters directly into the blood stream. |
| What is the correct technique for administering ophthalmic drugs? | Place inside the lower eyelid (conjunctival sac). Never to the cornea. |
| What must a nurse remind a patient to do after receiving inhaled meds and why? | Patients must rinse out the oral cavity to minimize the risk of thrush developing. |
| Intradermal drug administration has a ___________ rate of absorption. | Slow |
| IM administration of meds has what advantages? | Can administer larger doses than SubQ sites, and the drug is rapidly absorbed. |
| IV drug administration has a ______ rate of absorption. | Rapid |
| What route of drug administration is characterized by very small amount of drug, broken skin barrier, the appearance of a wheal, and localized skin irritation and pain? | ID |
| The larger the number, the __________ the needle. | Smaller |
| The smaller the needle, the ________ the number. | Larger |
| The 6 rights of drug administration? | Right Drug, Patient, Time, Route, Dose, Documentation. |
| How many identifiers are necessary when identifying patients? | Two |
| How many times should a nurse check the label of a drug again the client's MAR before administering? | Three |
| What is the most one can be given in one injection site? | 3 mL |
| What is the standard drop factor? | 15 gtts |
| What is the drop factor for blood? | 10 gtts |
| What is the drop factor for a micro-drip? | 60 gtts |
| Ampule | single-dose container. Holds 1 mL to 10 mL, break of tip before use. |
| What type of needle us used to draw from an ampule? | Filter needle |
| Insulin is measured in ___________. | Units |
| If an error is made by the nurse, who should be notified first? | Charge nurse |
| What can an insulin syringe be used for? | ONLY for administering insulin |
| What are the two sizes an insulin syringe comes in? | 50 units or 100 units. |
| Narcotic Substance Act | at the end of each shift, a narcotic count in conducted by two nurses. |
| Insulin and Heparin should not be _____________ and must be ____________ by two licensed nurses. | aspirated, checked |
| PRN | when the drug was last given |
| Always chart or document ________ the med was given. | After |
| _________ and _________ are the only two things you don't have to obtains a physicians orders for. | Intake and Output |
| Rounding | Nurse that is about to leave and nurse that is about to take over visit the patient together to they are on the same page. |
| What is the formula for medication drug calculation | |
| IM angle of needle insertion? Needle selection? | 90 degrees. 22-27 gauge, 1-1/2 inch |
| SubQ angle of needle insertion? Needle selection? | 45 or 90 degrees. 25 gauge. 1/2 to 5/8 inch |
| ID angle of needle insertion? Needle selection? | 5 to 15 degrees. 25-27 gauge. 3/8 to 5/8 inch |
| Process of IM injection... | Aspirate and observe, inject med slowly, remove needle quickly, apply gentle pressure. |
| What is the preferred injection site for infants one year and younger? | Vastalis Lateralis |
| What is the preferred IM injection site and why? | Ventrogluteal because there are no large nerves or blood vessels, it provides the greatest thickness of muscle, it is sealed off by bone, and there is less fat than the buttock. |
| Landmarks for ventrogluteal IM injection. | Palm on greater trochanter, index finger towards the anteriosuperior iliac spine. |
| Always check injection sites for... | skin integrity, bruising, swelling, discoloration |
| How does implementing the "Z-track" injection method contribute to pain reduction? | Prevents back-flow of medication into the sensitive subcutaneous tissue. |
| The administration of meds given by injection is _____________ administration. | parental |
| AC, ac | before meals |
| ad lib | as desired |
| prn | as there is need |
| BID, bid | twice/day |
| daily | everyday |
| d | day |
| h, hr | hour |
| PC, pc | after meals |
| q | every |
| qAM | every morning |
| qh | every hour |
| QID, qid | 4 times per day |
| s | second |
| STAT | give immediately |
| TID, tid | 3 times per day |
| QOD, qod | every other day |
| Legend drug | any drug that requires a perscription |
| OTC | Over the counter |
| In order to maintain patient's blood levels, medication has to be given ________ before or ________ after the ordered time. | 1/2 hour, 1/2 hour |
| Patients with renal failure would most likely have problems with drug ______________. | Excretion |
| __________ the site after injection will increase the absorption of a medication administration IM. | Massaging |
| What is the ratio between a drug's therapeutic effects and toxic effects called? | Therapeutic Index |
| Federal Food and Drugs Act (FFDA) | Drug product label must list the presence of dangerous and possibly addicting substances. |
| Harrison Narcotic Act | Established the legal term 'narcotic' |
| Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) | Provide data to prove drug safety |
| Durham-Humphrey Amendment | Established 'legend drugs' Drug label must read... Caution--Federal law prohibits dispensing without a prescription |
| Controlled Substance Act | Established 'scheduled' Promote drug addiction eduction, research, and treatment. |
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eetzenbach22
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